tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1961240334811435152024-03-18T09:47:47.462+00:00Regency HistoryRachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.comBlogger386125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-89593498234944635522024-03-13T15:29:00.001+00:002024-03-15T10:21:12.749+00:00A Single Obsession - a faith-based Regency romance<p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik9oIYBEDQvG3Z6g_CNU9mdlOHg2_S37epSD-NeFc-U5GteNXD7IUN5_TO2W7JsAyOdOBPWZzQOXFLuG4-ay6FSxiDs5xqLAdr2bAkLim9Pyp2BJChrOt03G90Dm8XT3U1Mnvs9i5pXjJ4GeOvj-mMnEgYmm3UBwcYoctRnc8ATUfrVF5BKSm6KPeZA-c/s1080/ASO%20available%20now%20post%201.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Front cover of A Single Obsession showing a lady in a red Regency riding outfit with a horsewith themes in the book" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik9oIYBEDQvG3Z6g_CNU9mdlOHg2_S37epSD-NeFc-U5GteNXD7IUN5_TO2W7JsAyOdOBPWZzQOXFLuG4-ay6FSxiDs5xqLAdr2bAkLim9Pyp2BJChrOt03G90Dm8XT3U1Mnvs9i5pXjJ4GeOvj-mMnEgYmm3UBwcYoctRnc8ATUfrVF5BKSm6KPeZA-c/w400-h400/ASO%20available%20now%20post%201.jpg" title="Front cover of A Single Obsession with themes in the book" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table>He must wed to keep his dream
alive—her dream will die if he doesn’t choose her</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lord
Beaumont has only one love in his life—horses. Constantly upbraided by his
overbearing mother, Beau’s desperate to break free from her control and prove
himself by breeding a winning racehorse. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Eliza
Merry has secretly loved the reckless Viscount ever since she was a girl.
Forced to restrain her unruly behaviour to attend the London season, the timid,
tongue-tied lady she becomes is nothing like the lively girl she is inside. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Compelled
to seek a wife to realise his inheritance, to pay for his horses and keep his
dream alive, Beau is drawn to the adoring Eliza, who sees in him a kindred
spirit. She believes he’s the one man who can make her happy and accept her as
she really is.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As love
blossoms between them, it seems as if they’ll both get what they want—but Beau
has a secret that threatens to shatter Eliza’s faith in him. And secrets have a
nasty habit of coming out at the most inconvenient times…</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">S</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">et in London and Hampshire in 1811, this novel by
the co-author of the popular Regency History blog is rich in historical detail
and includes a glossary </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">and historical notes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This is a clean and wholesome, faith-based romance,
with witty dialogue, a Georgette Heyer-inspired plot, a heroine who masquerades
as a man, and a cameo appearance of Jane Austen.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The
third book in <i>The Merry Romances</i> series, it can also be read as a
standalone romance with its own happily ever after. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Available on Amazon in Kindle ebook and paperback. <a href="https://mybook.to/ASO" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Buy <i>A Single Obsession</i> now.<br /></a></span></p>
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</p><br />Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-46164563948241365672023-12-01T10:00:00.017+00:002023-12-01T10:00:00.132+00:00A Regency Christmas romance full of hope<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGuMxN1pyRRrtbgWVioMj9f27UG89JY2HwXRysvOn1Xlu0ILrNCcDxPAnZWAaLDfWbB-s2I5lju27B9nZbA2SuRdItT-D8dCs6V_xRNa_-_e3Yk2laDD3zBOIUlkNA3D3CcumJtTaslTjIgzwIkmYnuHJl3-3_qyMMOxCHu_zo4HNKjU0guJf9IsMFFt0/s1080/MHH%20out%20now%20graphic%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGuMxN1pyRRrtbgWVioMj9f27UG89JY2HwXRysvOn1Xlu0ILrNCcDxPAnZWAaLDfWbB-s2I5lju27B9nZbA2SuRdItT-D8dCs6V_xRNa_-_e3Yk2laDD3zBOIUlkNA3D3CcumJtTaslTjIgzwIkmYnuHJl3-3_qyMMOxCHu_zo4HNKjU0guJf9IsMFFt0/s320/MHH%20out%20now%20graphic%201.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>A heartbroken widower. A downtrodden companion.</b> <br /><br /><b>Their instant attraction offers hope for the future—if their secrets don’t destroy them first.</b><br /><br />Estate
manager Peter Crowley has abandoned hope of ever loving again. No woman
has touched his heart since the death of his wife. <br /><br />Now his life is centred on the beloved daughter he’s been forced to send away to school.<br /><br />Meg
Harding knows nothing of love. The sole companion of a cantankerous old
lady, she smiles in the face of adversity, but dreams of a better life.<br /><br />Thrown into conversation on the coach to Weymouth, Peter and Meg are drawn to each other by a shared sense of humour.<br /><br />The downtrodden Meg revels in Peter’s kindness—and he yearns to rescue her.<br /><br />Six months later they meet again. Both their situations have changed—and not all for the better.<br /><br />As
they share the joy of the Christmas season, their love is given a
chance to flourish. But all is not as it seems. Secrets from their past
cast shadows over their future and threaten to destroy them…<br /><br />Set
in 1810 in the seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, this novella is rich in
historical detail and includes a glossary and historical notes.<br /><br />An introduction to the <i>Women of Weymouth</i> series, this is a clean and wholesome, faith-based, standalone romance with witty dialogue and its own happily ever after. </p><p>Available in Kindle ebook and paperback versions <a href="https://mybook.to/MHH" target="_blank">Get Miss Harding's Hope here.</a></p><p>Read more about Regency Christmas celebrations <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2018/12/regency-christmas-celebrations.html" target="_blank">here</a>. <br /></p>Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-7666639994583098982023-11-25T15:29:00.005+00:002023-11-25T15:57:29.843+00:00How the Country House Became English By Stephanie Barczewski - book review<div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_uUcz_WQ2RtnNzzBYoJQWJ8taiEarsMHvzbjXv_0j7i75c9Uhj51AT7BMy8NaK0GJUFAwTwcfQLudCAU7k7Fo3XuF-ekxBkrzt-NnbfCgi9MRJnxjt4DOnmePZEwcw3zr6MqwKVEE4eWbu6t1UYFAzNAEf5MRz5NxFzVn4DyjCr2GcY_un_AStrfQL_g/s2641/Country%20House%20book%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How the Country House Became English By Stephanie Barczewski" border="0" data-original-height="2641" data-original-width="2546" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_uUcz_WQ2RtnNzzBYoJQWJ8taiEarsMHvzbjXv_0j7i75c9Uhj51AT7BMy8NaK0GJUFAwTwcfQLudCAU7k7Fo3XuF-ekxBkrzt-NnbfCgi9MRJnxjt4DOnmePZEwcw3zr6MqwKVEE4eWbu6t1UYFAzNAEf5MRz5NxFzVn4DyjCr2GcY_un_AStrfQL_g/w385-h400/Country%20House%20book%202.jpg" title="How the Country House Became English By Stephanie Barczewski" width="385" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Blenheim Palace. Chatsworth
House. Downton Abbey. The English landscape is littered with names that project
a certain image of Englishness. Like those names I just listed, this image
blends reality and fiction, and is maintained by its consistent manufacture on
screen, in literature and as tourist attractions. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">To many inside this country,
and beyond, the country house is a dominant feature in the cultural fabric of
England. It’s up there with tea, rolling green hills and the Royal Family.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">How did this happen? In her new
book, Stephanie Barczewski sets out to answer this question of ‘How the Country
House Became English’.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg06Jm9_su4_m_AP05Kd-0RkRObNOeiv4DsAFu-47HsGfI79wlrlgrn8nxr8_T3hclO0F0CL93gevV7AneJ9jGXO03OHqMnYP3bPOI77ykkfOrxdCk5qX4blIB6TU7qRqnY3Y_hUhB8MIFGZ_F9pnkcUPWWnyxiGDgcd2USdnxxetFzecThLcjJIyuC6cc/s4000/Chatsworth%20House%2017.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Chatsworth House (2014)" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg06Jm9_su4_m_AP05Kd-0RkRObNOeiv4DsAFu-47HsGfI79wlrlgrn8nxr8_T3hclO0F0CL93gevV7AneJ9jGXO03OHqMnYP3bPOI77ykkfOrxdCk5qX4blIB6TU7qRqnY3Y_hUhB8MIFGZ_F9pnkcUPWWnyxiGDgcd2USdnxxetFzecThLcjJIyuC6cc/w400-h300/Chatsworth%20House%2017.jpg" title="Chatsworth House (2014)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2014/11/chatsworth-house-home-of-duke-of.html" target="_blank">Chatsworth House (2014)</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">An essential for
fans of English country houses </h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">I have visited well over 100
English country houses in my life, many on multiple occasions. I’ll never look
at them the same way again having read this book. It’s brought into focus many
of the questions I ask of a property, which until now haven’t considered the
broader context of local and national history. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Until now I’ve tended to look
at each house in isolation. Now, even though I’ll continue to enjoy features
such as priest holes, abbey ruins, classical columns and <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2013/04/the-grand-tour.html" target="_blank">Grand Tour</a> souvenirs,
I’ll also have a new appreciation of the house as a whole.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This book is not light reading,
but it is rewarding and worth the effort. Barczewski is Professor of Modern
British History at Clemson University, South Carolina. This is her second work
on country houses. It opens with a discussion of how the TV series Downton
Abbey, Brexit and the work of The National Trust have nurtured nostalgia,
helping to shape perceptions of Englishness.</p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_6r3yb9bbcjqk"></a>Houses that embody
history</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In her book, Barczewski
highlights how English country houses reflect ‘moments of disruption in English
history’. Notably, the Dissolution of the Monasteries from the 1530s onwards,
and the English Civil War, 1642–1651.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Dissolution of the
Monasteries saw massive upheaval in land ownership. Nearly one thousand
religious institutions were closed, with ownership of vast tracts of land
passing from the church to private individuals.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Many grand houses were built
either in or from the ruins of abbey churches, cloisters and other monastic
buildings. The Reformation also spawned a host of priest holes—secret spaces
built into houses where Roman Catholic priests could hide during searches.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Over a century later, the
English Civil War brought damage and destruction to country houses across
England, and many properties were confiscated. The end of the war, and the
restoration of the monarchy, saw estates returning to their owners and some
houses being rebuilt. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">These disruptions were followed
by a period characterised by Barczewski as the ‘non-revolution’ in England.
This is from the Glorious Revolution in 1688 through the seventeenth and early
eighteenth centuries, when England endured long wars with Revolutionary France.
In this period English country houses came to represent continuity—and it’s
when many of today’s classical houses were constructed.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2023/08/athelhampton-house-in-dorset-revisited.html" target="_blank"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Athelhampton House (2016)" border="0" data-original-height="2193" data-original-width="3933" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3c1D_4qIJU4JgtstQ_pzb3SPkqnLq7wX7i3Dp5VcvS94JXOSIb0HFYwYSegMINxLM9K7kO7h5-oaWkPmQJKr5cRtWBwu__axwGjbWLMCld4dvVLiGuwtCi4W9gJgwjljZ2mxIQGsWCufTSmk1lZNSQBZ6-U6BDS_Jvo2q4BpXl2-FiWSB9cZa7MtzEbY/w400-h223/Athelhampton%20front.jpg" title="Athelhampton House (2016)" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2023/08/athelhampton-house-in-dorset-revisited.html" target="_blank">Athelhampton House (2016)<br /></a></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The Englishness of
the country house</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Barczewski spends three
chapters discussing the relationship between English country houses and the
many foreign influences on it. She makes the point that, with rare exceptions,
there is no such thing as a ‘British country house’. Those in Scotland and
Wales remain largely distinct.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Most of today’s English country
houses were built after 1600, as Britain became an increasingly imperial power.
The Americas and India exerted some influence, as did the Grand Tour, which
took so many of the wealthy to southern Europe.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The twentieth century
transformed the condition of English country houses. Many were demolished,
while a host of others became heritage sites with the expectation they would
present a comfortable view of history.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">She closes this section by
saying:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>This book argues that such
expectations are the result of the invention of the ‘English’ country house in
the nineteenth century. After the French Revolution contributed to the
elevation of political stability and cultural continuity as key components of
English identity, English country-house architecture became more isolated from
the continent and more referential to national history.</i></blockquote></div><p></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_q8y7tm5i476d"></a>A wealth of
stories and information</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO4DFnXsvl-S0-rtQyyiVNVhnAd2zgXA8PUM3yWRqaIfFU2ooIpXTpjdd0ormkLZW0Jh_R5JdGOmCCcpfrJjz3pE4HV35g2U2qPXkz6K1X1uGTqWxUCv6yF3NgKn_zmvx1CrLABiv4F1hlFSH6rMyspTr1R-bxSwN13EQtLZTlvffZbOdoi8q42_UJC-0/s5472/IMG_5988.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Kingston Lacy (2016)" border="0" data-original-height="3648" data-original-width="5472" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO4DFnXsvl-S0-rtQyyiVNVhnAd2zgXA8PUM3yWRqaIfFU2ooIpXTpjdd0ormkLZW0Jh_R5JdGOmCCcpfrJjz3pE4HV35g2U2qPXkz6K1X1uGTqWxUCv6yF3NgKn_zmvx1CrLABiv4F1hlFSH6rMyspTr1R-bxSwN13EQtLZTlvffZbOdoi8q42_UJC-0/w400-h266/IMG_5988.JPG" title="Kingston Lacy (2016)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kingston Lacy (2016)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This isn’t a book about
architecture. It’s about English country houses, their origins, histories and occupants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To illustrate the discussion, it contains a
rich collection of stories about the history of specific English country
houses, which are as much about people, politics and religion as they are about
design and construction.</div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">On a personal note, I was
pleased to see considerable discussion of Kingston Lacy, an English country
house local to us in Dorset. Besides being a glorious property, its story is
rooted in the destruction and upheaval of the English Civil War. The house
itself is presented as distinctly English, with continental influences. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2013/10/regency-historys-guide-to-kingston-lacy.html" target="_blank">Read more about Kingston Lacy here. </a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">If, like me, you’d like to
deepen your understanding of the great many English country houses you’ve
visited, or would like to visit, this book is essential reading. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The book has 70 pages of
appendices, references and an index. The appendices include lists of all
English country houses with priest holes, that are built on or from monastic
sites, and that were damaged or destroyed in the English Civil War. There are a
good number of black and white illustrations. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo_W7JFTNeG-6qUm53iPgg8km7dccCJZWsq-TXl_88guBwPrFcs0OalxzGYngb5PioShVfkJvNgE0bUdU_N0Xbhxe5QRPeMiYGOSnmeYmCSFr_2stXsx_8GCel8ahPd0z1RIOHsF6blzGK9gdI1aE2pxf_6gJhRsifiGaVAxH7vc5XmkF2OXSEhai3Syg/s338/AMK-2023.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="338" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo_W7JFTNeG-6qUm53iPgg8km7dccCJZWsq-TXl_88guBwPrFcs0OalxzGYngb5PioShVfkJvNgE0bUdU_N0Xbhxe5QRPeMiYGOSnmeYmCSFr_2stXsx_8GCel8ahPd0z1RIOHsF6blzGK9gdI1aE2pxf_6gJhRsifiGaVAxH7vc5XmkF2OXSEhai3Syg/s320/AMK-2023.png" width="116" /></a></div><br />Andrew Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> researches and writes about the Regency and late Georgian period. He's also a freelance editor and writer for business. He lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with his wife, Rachel. </span></span></div><p></p>
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<p>All photos © Andrew Knowles - RegencyHistory.net <br /></p>Andrew Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02866928501693775023noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-91482215883328000582023-10-23T17:30:00.004+01:002023-11-25T15:21:47.491+00:00Napoleon’s Invasion of Egypt - an eyewitness history by Jonathan North - book review<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAiIZ1VeTQey62K-nJZys6EWKw7WdYNvoH2jpsll7fZnFD_kPE3D_wYXND0nhq5ilnY2BG2I5kJoBpNBlVV5_nmXQ-yOHChK_ldbLbD4094Dpn-ypBHxE2odx1MDNsZKuAMaGgBxHjTFzMcKwcsHmWDVQ7g4HatNW1jJ9lSpoc4S1zb0wRUs0G8-yGW94/s2686/Napoleon's%20Invasion%20of%20Egypt%20by%20Jonathan%20North.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Napoleon’s Invasion of Egypt By Jonathan North" border="0" data-original-height="2651" data-original-width="2686" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAiIZ1VeTQey62K-nJZys6EWKw7WdYNvoH2jpsll7fZnFD_kPE3D_wYXND0nhq5ilnY2BG2I5kJoBpNBlVV5_nmXQ-yOHChK_ldbLbD4094Dpn-ypBHxE2odx1MDNsZKuAMaGgBxHjTFzMcKwcsHmWDVQ7g4HatNW1jJ9lSpoc4S1zb0wRUs0G8-yGW94/w400-h395/Napoleon's%20Invasion%20of%20Egypt%20by%20Jonathan%20North.jpg" title="Napoleon’s Invasion of Egypt By Jonathan North" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Did Napoleon’s troops fire
cannons at the pyramids of Egypt? And what was his army doing there?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Those were questions provoked
by the teaser trailer for the 2023 movie <i>Napoleon</i>. The second of these
questions is answered by this new book by Jonathan North, <i>Napoleon’s Invasion
of Egypt</i>. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The book’s subtitle, ‘An
Eyewitness History’, promises a wealth of firsthand accounts from the French
invasion and occupation of a corner of North Africa. It delivers on that
promise. This is a compelling account of that French adventure, told in the
words of many who were there.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRVYkDRdMaeiBQbJ8_eMtmNb0zqJcEcgulDIsfxfqWzplbFaFVKDsW31dGbEvJAmCCJCTEBQTNrTzM8CyeOIKxSR3Dy03tAy74PKusSWDeQmfi5PmYBV2YLRvA1zd7yVeKvKoRt6wLCK3DAB6rozRdHrQ_1vPgHIyZWaqIkZXOhCLCPugQM35g6wBrRWc/s807/Napoleon%20at%20Arcole%20from%20The%20Life%20of%20NBonaparte%20by%20WSloane%201896%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Napoleon at Arcole from The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte by WSloane 1896" border="0" data-original-height="807" data-original-width="639" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRVYkDRdMaeiBQbJ8_eMtmNb0zqJcEcgulDIsfxfqWzplbFaFVKDsW31dGbEvJAmCCJCTEBQTNrTzM8CyeOIKxSR3Dy03tAy74PKusSWDeQmfi5PmYBV2YLRvA1zd7yVeKvKoRt6wLCK3DAB6rozRdHrQ_1vPgHIyZWaqIkZXOhCLCPugQM35g6wBrRWc/w316-h400/Napoleon%20at%20Arcole%20from%20The%20Life%20of%20NBonaparte%20by%20WSloane%201896%20png.png" title="Napoleon at Arcole from The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte by WSloane 1896" width="316" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Napoleon at Arcole from <i>The Life of Napoleon<br /> Bonaparte</i> by W Sloane 1896</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_iz21k7gxrki"></a>An introduction to
Napoleon’s occupation of Egypt</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">While it’s titled the ‘Invasion
of Egypt’, Jonathan North’s book covers the full period of the French
occupation. Napoleon and his army arrived in July 1798 and the survivors left
three years later, in 1801. Bonaparte himself effectively abandoned his troops
in late 1800, sailing back to France, somehow evading the British Royal Navy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The expedition was sent by the
Directory, the committee that ruled revolutionary France. Their star general,
Napoleon, proposed it, with a view to opening a land route to India. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It was also to be a scientific
expedition, taking scholars to examine the marvels of ancient Egypt. Their
discovery of the Rosetta Stone, the key to deciphering Egyptian writing, helped
to open up the field of Egyptology.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Napoleon and his army landed in
Egypt on 1 July 1798 and was immediately engaged in fighting the occupying
Mamelukes, rulers of Egypt under the distant auspices of the Ottoman Empire.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">‘The boats were rowed to the
shore and a mass of cavalry showed itself and seemed ready to wade into the sea
to oppose the landing. A few rounds of artillery saw them off,’ wrote 18-
year-old soldier Joseph Laporte.<sub>1</sub><sup></sup></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Battle of the Pyramids on
21 July inflicted a heavy defeat on the Mamelukes, allowing Napoleon to enter
Cairo and commence his occupation of Egypt.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Despite sweeping in as
victorious invaders, in only days the French became a beleaguered garrison. On
1 August 1798 a British fleet, under Horatio Nelson, defeated the warships of
the French fleet that had transported the army across the Mediterranean, at the
Battle of the Nile. The victory put the British in command of the sea, making
it unlikely that the plan to reach India could be fulfilled.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">‘We realised that any
communication with Europe would now be impossible,’ wrote Captain Etienne Louis
Malus in his journal. ‘We began to lose hope that we would ever see our
homeland again.’<sub>2</sub> </p>
<a name="_8u2al4wck293"></a><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDYpIU-brzt__GZxsLG8KCr8vH0kIfavIsZzivHKHLcUx8BSWPur9dXbgMYdAY5Cj7sa_nMim6nFWDmPCuj0uYLhWsfKQKwV_ybpXcoSRxlF5zBpiQ32JAagdjJLmk2rXoSE0bWZ8NG1IcgAckAgFMUTx_NnregvwfSs1REEmOgwH1EoVIpysLNMDB2CI/s1875/The%20Destruction%20of%20L'Orient%20at%20the%20Battle%20of%20the%20Nile%201%20August%201798%20by%20G%20Arnald%201825-7%20at%20National%20Maritime%20Musuem%202022.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Destruction of L'Orient at the Battle of the Nile 1 August 1798 by G Arnald 1825-7 at National Maritime Musuem AKnowles photo2022" border="0" data-original-height="1269" data-original-width="1875" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDYpIU-brzt__GZxsLG8KCr8vH0kIfavIsZzivHKHLcUx8BSWPur9dXbgMYdAY5Cj7sa_nMim6nFWDmPCuj0uYLhWsfKQKwV_ybpXcoSRxlF5zBpiQ32JAagdjJLmk2rXoSE0bWZ8NG1IcgAckAgFMUTx_NnregvwfSs1REEmOgwH1EoVIpysLNMDB2CI/w400-h271/The%20Destruction%20of%20L'Orient%20at%20the%20Battle%20of%20the%20Nile%201%20August%201798%20by%20G%20Arnald%201825-7%20at%20National%20Maritime%20Musuem%202022.jpg" title="The Destruction of L'Orient at the Battle of the Nile 1 August 1798 by G Arnald 1825-7 at National Maritime Musuem AKnowles photo2022" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The Destruction of L'Orient at the Battle of the Nile<br /> 1 August 1798</i> by G Arnald (1825-7)<br /> at National Maritime Musuem Photo A Knowles (2022)</td></tr></tbody></table><h3>Occupation and assimilation</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Napoleon set up a French administration
of Egypt that included some of the local rulers, and established a scientific
Institute. During their time in Cairo the French attempted to replicate
something of their culture from home, including street cafes. Some adopted a
local style of dress, partly because of the climate. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The French invasion force was
almost exclusively male. It wasn’t long before soldiers began to find
mistresses among the local population. General Menou married a Muslim woman and
converted. He seemed to be one of the few who would have preferred to remain in
Egypt indefinitely.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Most did not feel the same way.
Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, a young scholar, wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><blockquote><i>The soldiers yearn for the
delights of France. Their hatred for Egypt stems from being denied essentials. They
have only water to drink. They cannot be attracted to women who hide themselves
in veils.</i><sub>3</sub></blockquote><sub></sub><sup></sup><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">North’s book goes into
considerable details about the challenges faced by the French as they
experienced life in a different climate and culture. Scorpions, slavery,
plague, mirages and mummies are all discussed, often in the words of
eyewitnesses.</p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_nj0plx1y34pf"></a>The end of the
Egyptian adventure</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">To help protect Egypt,
Napoleon’s army ventured into Syria and reached the Holy Land in 1799. Unable
to capture the city of Acre, defended with British help, he had to turn back.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">By now Napoleon sought a return
to France, knowing he would be welcomed by the people. His departure was kept
secret from almost all his officers and when they discovered he’d gone, many
felt abandoned in a strange, unwelcoming land.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The remaining French army,
significantly reduced by death and disease, began looking for its own way home.
They continued to fight off local revolts and attacks by the Ottomans. On 21
March 1801 they were defeated by the British at the Battle of Alexandria, after
which many were repatriated to France in British ships.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The British kept many of the
artefacts discovered by the French in Egypt, including the Rosetta Stone.</p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_wan51l35y95h"></a>A page-turning eyewitness
account</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This is my kind of history book—a
strong story illustrated with an extensive tapestry of quotes from those who
experienced it firsthand. Letters, journals and reports provide a rich seam of
material which North has used to great effect.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">I would like to have heard more
from those being occupied. How did they feel about this French army inserting
itself into their world? I’m guessing that sources for this are limited, hence
their scant use.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The book contains a number of
illustrations and maps, along with a detailed bibliography. The index only
seems to include names of people—not places or key subjects. There’s a separate
list of the around 40 eyewitnesses whose words are included in the book
(presumably all translated).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This book has a high, and
sometimes gruesome, body count. Thousands died, both soldiers and civilians.
Battles, executions, revolts, raids, assassinations and plague all contributed
to the carnage, and both sides carried out massacres.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">I recommend this book to anyone
who’s interested in the history of Napoleon or that of France or the Middle
East in the period. It’s packed with fascinating details and has certainly
helped me better understand Bonaparte himself, along with how Egypt became a
subject of fascination during the Regency period.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.amberley-books.com/napoleons-invasion-of-egypt.html" target="_blank">Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt is available from Amberley Publishing</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo_W7JFTNeG-6qUm53iPgg8km7dccCJZWsq-TXl_88guBwPrFcs0OalxzGYngb5PioShVfkJvNgE0bUdU_N0Xbhxe5QRPeMiYGOSnmeYmCSFr_2stXsx_8GCel8ahPd0z1RIOHsF6blzGK9gdI1aE2pxf_6gJhRsifiGaVAxH7vc5XmkF2OXSEhai3Syg/s338/AMK-2023.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="338" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo_W7JFTNeG-6qUm53iPgg8km7dccCJZWsq-TXl_88guBwPrFcs0OalxzGYngb5PioShVfkJvNgE0bUdU_N0Xbhxe5QRPeMiYGOSnmeYmCSFr_2stXsx_8GCel8ahPd0z1RIOHsF6blzGK9gdI1aE2pxf_6gJhRsifiGaVAxH7vc5XmkF2OXSEhai3Syg/s320/AMK-2023.png" width="116" /></a></div><br />Andrew Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> researches and writes about the Regency and late Georgian period. He's also a freelance editor and writer for business. He lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with his wife, Rachel. </span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://mailchi.mp/18145bbb895a/26j3w5f66c" target="_blank">Learn more about Regency History. Sign up for our newsletter.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you found this article interesting or useful, and you want to encourage us, help us to keep our research freely available by buying us a virtual cup of coffee. Click the button below.</span></span></p>
<iframe height="712" id="kofiframe" src="https://ko-fi.com/regencyhistory/?hidefeed=true&widget=true&embed=true&preview=true" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: none; padding: 4px; width: 100%;" title="regencyhistory"></iframe>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Notes – all quotes from <i>Napoleon’s
Invasion of Egypt</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">1. p49</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">2. p99 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">3. p114</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">All photos © A Knowles RegencyHistory.net <br /></p>
Andrew Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02866928501693775023noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-26473643605941247702023-10-06T16:13:00.000+01:002023-10-06T16:13:29.049+01:00What the Regency newspapers say<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijZXEZ_8UoAnSMOf-vrErsQhoy9Co60MwPqLqrIoNZNLxDId7MBxDSCN5b8B8gyGK7gcKqTv7fIprC0eLqze1FPlzvwuy7pC8hrYBZQ3NRYldq1Gn6-TUsDO5_CD2o3cPkeGj5Uor6oFC_u7Ep7j7XdffFSQGxjFnHSNUjQ3s-uFThzQxzmep9cJ8hjxs/s3625/DP884681%20The%20Newspaper%20by%20T%20Rowlandson%201808%20via%20Met2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Newspaper by Thomas Rowlandson (1808)" border="0" data-original-height="2733" data-original-width="3625" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijZXEZ_8UoAnSMOf-vrErsQhoy9Co60MwPqLqrIoNZNLxDId7MBxDSCN5b8B8gyGK7gcKqTv7fIprC0eLqze1FPlzvwuy7pC8hrYBZQ3NRYldq1Gn6-TUsDO5_CD2o3cPkeGj5Uor6oFC_u7Ep7j7XdffFSQGxjFnHSNUjQ3s-uFThzQxzmep9cJ8hjxs/w400-h301/DP884681%20The%20Newspaper%20by%20T%20Rowlandson%201808%20via%20Met2.png" title="The Newspaper by Thomas Rowlandson (1808)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The Newspaper</i> by Thomas Rowlandson (1808) <br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In Regency England news was
passed by word of mouth, by private letter and in the newspapers. This meant
newspapers were highly prized as a source of printed information.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">As today, a wide variety of
newspapers were published. Most were distributed locally, although some found
their way across the country and even abroad. Copies were passed from reader to
reader, each of whom would avidly devour the contents even if it was a few
months old.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Newspapers are an excellent
resource for historians and writers wanting to learn more about the late
Georgian and Regency era. They offer a wealth of detail about the period, from
stories of international events through to snippets of insight into everyday
life. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Not all newspapers have
survived, and it must be remembered that then, as now, they weren’t always
reliable. A number of well-known Regency personalities were amused to hear
their deaths being reported as facts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: left;">Three Regency
newspapers compared</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">I thought it would be an
interesting exercise to compare three Regency newspapers, all published on the
same day. I decided to take one from London, one from a fashionable resort and
one from a more distant part of the country—in this case, Scotland.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The papers are:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> <i>
</i></span></span><i>London Courier and Evening Gazette</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><i>Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><i>Perthshire Courier</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">I selected the 7 February 1811,
the day after the Prince of Wales was sworn in as Prince Regent, following the
passing of the Regency Act. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgiOxcWv_OojcXaUDrhW51dDBPelG2rB3eGkTsxglc-adJ6GeRL0CZ8c7hJfconpwoawASM6DlBu-Te-pJthEoq1H7rgQL4huZZXLlg0DhUAErsUKwhYNIktVVzUQNRWjsPwCJVMWBdEaXKeTRjvSq13fTxfhKnQt1tA5YiVC4DJ9_8V9NxjJPl8cD6Sc/s3264/George%20IV%20by%20Thomas%20Lawrence%20c1814%20from%20NPG%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="George, Prince Regent, by Thomas Lawrence c1814 NPG" border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="2448" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgiOxcWv_OojcXaUDrhW51dDBPelG2rB3eGkTsxglc-adJ6GeRL0CZ8c7hJfconpwoawASM6DlBu-Te-pJthEoq1H7rgQL4huZZXLlg0DhUAErsUKwhYNIktVVzUQNRWjsPwCJVMWBdEaXKeTRjvSq13fTxfhKnQt1tA5YiVC4DJ9_8V9NxjJPl8cD6Sc/w300-h400/George%20IV%20by%20Thomas%20Lawrence%20c1814%20from%20NPG%202.jpg" title="George, Prince Regent, by Thomas Lawrence c1814 NPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">George, Prince Regent, by Sir Thomas Lawrence <br />c1814 © National Portrait Gallery</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: left;">Differences
between Regency and modern newspapers</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Regency newspapers look unfamiliar
to the modern eye. They lack bold headlines, have very few images, and news
stories often flow in quick succession with little separation. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Pictures didn’t regularly
appear in newspapers until the 1830s. There are three tiny illustrations in the
<i>Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette</i>, but none are representations of news
stories.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The front page of the newspaper
is mostly advertisements and notices. While each newspaper does have some
marked sections (such as ‘Naval Intelligence’), there’s a sense that much of
the content was added as it arrived. </p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: left;">Consistent
features between all three newspapers</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Reading one Regency newspaper
is fascinating. Looking at three in close succession reveals some distinct
similarities between them.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">All three newspapers relied
heavily on other publications and letters as the source of their material, and
they revealed these sources. There’s little of what we could consider to be
journalism.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Both the London and Perthshire
newspapers gave considerable space to the Regency, which came into effect on 5
February 1811, two days before publication. The Perthshire news only went up to
1 February. There’s no surprise it was behind the London papers, given that
it’s over 400 miles north of the capital city.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">All three newspapers give space
to announce births, deaths and marriages. There are no announcements of
engagements or betrothals. I’m unsure when it became the fashion to announce
these, but I’ve never seen examples in Regency newspapers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The state lottery features in
the Bath and Perthshire newspapers, with an identical announcement headlined
‘The Regent’s Procession’. The next line follows on from the heading: </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>...is at
this crisis interesting to the country; and this memento is at this time
interesting to ourselves: for if the New Administration adopt the expected new
measures, there will be No More LOTTERIES; therefore the ONLY opportunity we
may ever have to gain an independent Fortune by the risk of a small Sum of
Money, is the Present STATE LOTTERY.</i></blockquote></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The lottery is also advertised
in the London newspaper, but without the announcement.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXRG8WvxlbL-3yMxdpAl55yU4tnzL2OxUBijdyURLl_DEftalCJK3kf5hPeY-ACaZFb1MH5kjSp-VRWul6lLKDBvpIGAIF2lAOBF-5xcF9Rv4WPbG0sMis5bNXJV_IujEkA3E9l643ECWdxeACzkzJ7PYo8b7E6F34TCfjUVNJuZWysDZyFTFz1ISHY4/s745/LOTTERY%20from%20Microcosm%20of%20London%20vol%202.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lottery Drawing, Coopers Hall from The Microcosm of London Vol 2 (1808-10)" border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="745" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXRG8WvxlbL-3yMxdpAl55yU4tnzL2OxUBijdyURLl_DEftalCJK3kf5hPeY-ACaZFb1MH5kjSp-VRWul6lLKDBvpIGAIF2lAOBF-5xcF9Rv4WPbG0sMis5bNXJV_IujEkA3E9l643ECWdxeACzkzJ7PYo8b7E6F34TCfjUVNJuZWysDZyFTFz1ISHY4/w400-h313/LOTTERY%20from%20Microcosm%20of%20London%20vol%202.png" title="Lottery Drawing, Coopers Hall from The Microcosm of London Vol 2 (1808-10)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Lottery Drawing, Coopers Hall</i> <br />from <i>The Microcosm of London </i>Vol 2<i> </i>(1808-10)</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Read another
Regency newspaper for free</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">All three newspapers I’ve
mentioned here are in <i><a href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/" target="_blank">The British Newspaper Archive</a></i>, an online resource
containing hundreds of papers. Many are protected by copyright, meaning you
need a subscription to get access and you can’t publish screenshots.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">All three papers I’ve chosen
are copyright protected (links in the notes below). However, you can read other papers from 7 February
1811 for free, because they are not subject to copyright. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">You can open a free account at
The British Newspaper Archive and read papers such as <a href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002593/18110207/005/0001?browse=true"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>The General
Evening Post</span></a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Newspapers that can be read for
free are marked as being in the Public Domain. However, you still can’t publish
screenshots because the photos of the newspapers are also copyright protected. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Stories that caught my eye </h3>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></h4><h4 class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">From London Courier and Evening Gazette</b></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>An advertisement: NERVOUS
DISORDERS - Doctor FOTHERGILL’s NERVOUS CORDIAL DROPS have been the happy means
of restoring thousands from the following Disorders: Lowness and Nervous
Affections, Consumption, Hypochonoriaism, Hysterics, Spasms, Palsy, Apoplexy,
Loss of Appetite, Bilious Complaints, Convulsions and Fits attending Pregnancy
proceeding from a disordered state of the Stomach, and Indigestion accompanied
by Sick Head aches, Heartburns, &c &c.</i></blockquote></div><p></p>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">From Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette</b></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>A curate of a parish in Sussex
was, on Friday, committed to the county gaol, under the charges of writing a
threatening incendiary letter to Mr R Jenner, of Maresfield, and of setting
fire to his house, with the view of defrauding the Union Fire-Office.</i></blockquote></div><p></p>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">From the Perthshire Courier</b></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Thursday, a young man, a
wright, having failed in an attempt to split a piece of hard wood, blew it up
with gun-powder; but unfortunately was struck with so much violence by the
splinters, on the head and breast, as to occasion his death the next morning.</i></blockquote></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A fun insight into how the newspapers collected some of
their news (or in this case, didn’t):</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>We are obliged to our “Reader,” in Dunkeld, for his desire
to acquaint us with the transactions of his neighbourhood. He should however,
have subscribed his letter, that we might thus have been more able to
conjecture, whether it was the wish of the parties to have their names, offices
and success in the “Curling Match,” communicated to the public. He should also
have paid the postage.</i></blockquote></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlT35GFCDzQ59jc7R6xr0tWIbh3-6lR1CR9IfqZvlFYDJxAAaM-PSRGxsD-DMBG85k_A8aNKJlW13l4Vz-1tN-8TisdJ-Ap1K14_IblxXuze3_MGAsywV5BVDujkCMJxlZ97u7VcqzW0t80jN1x3cxv0wDhmdD3AQzL30TG97LDhuTku-iBQADYZlXJC4/s1771/DP884655%20A%20Man%20of%20Fashion's%20Journal%20T%20Rowlandson%201802%20via%20met%20cropped.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="A Man of Fashion's Journal by Thomas Rowlandson (1802)" border="0" data-original-height="1378" data-original-width="1771" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlT35GFCDzQ59jc7R6xr0tWIbh3-6lR1CR9IfqZvlFYDJxAAaM-PSRGxsD-DMBG85k_A8aNKJlW13l4Vz-1tN-8TisdJ-Ap1K14_IblxXuze3_MGAsywV5BVDujkCMJxlZ97u7VcqzW0t80jN1x3cxv0wDhmdD3AQzL30TG97LDhuTku-iBQADYZlXJC4/w400-h311/DP884655%20A%20Man%20of%20Fashion's%20Journal%20T%20Rowlandson%201802%20via%20met%20cropped.png" title="A Man of Fashion's Journal by Thomas Rowlandson (1802)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>A Man of Fashion's Journal</i> by Thomas Rowlandson (1802)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />A summary of each newspaper</h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"> </h3>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i>London Courier and
Evening Gazette </i></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This is a 4-page newspaper. The
first page header reads ‘The Courier’, dated Thursday February 7, 1811. It’s
issue number 4,911 and the price is six pence halfpenny.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This was a daily newspaper.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The four pages are dense with
text, arranged into four columns of equal width.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 1 </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Articles about an intended
canal, an appeal to support British prisoners of war in France and a mix of
advertisements ranging from the state lottery to sale of cucumber seeds.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">What we would consider to be
the headline item, top left of the page, is about a meeting to object to a
proposed canal in a town more than 80 miles from London. There is no headline
to inform the reader what the piece is about. The article reads as minutes of a
meeting.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 2</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">There’s much more news on this
page, opening with information about Spain and Portugal. These were areas of
interest because of the Peninsular War being fought against the French. Much of
the information is cited as coming from Spanish newspapers and private letters.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The second two columns of this
page deal with events in the British parliament. There’s a detailed report of
the ceremony of installation for the Prince Regent, which occurred the day
before.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 3</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Information about the
installation continues, along with a bulletin headlined ‘The King’. It simply
reads: ‘Windsor Castle Feb 7, His Majesty seems to be making gradual progress
towards recovery.’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This is followed by a number of
short items relating to the war. Again, these are drawn from other sources,
such as letters and other newspapers. The page continues with political news
and opinion.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The final column is headed
‘Naval Intelligence’. It includes more information about the war, and ends with
the story of a man stealing from various hotels.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 4</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Unlike modern newspapers, sport
does not occupy the back pages. The varied mix of content continues, with
political and legal news. These are followed by announcements of births,
marriages and deaths, and then more advertisements. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;"><i>Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette</i></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This is also a 4-page
newspaper. The first page header reads ‘The Bath Chronicle’, dated Thursday
February 7, 1811. It’s issue number 2,554 in volume 54, and the price is six
pence halfpenny. There’s a detail that the price is broken into Stamp Duty of
three and a half pence, with paper and print being what looks like 8C.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The four pages comprise five
columns of text. There are a couple of small illustrations—effectively logos—at
the top of advertisements. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 1</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The first column is headlined
as ‘Friday and Saturday’s Posts’, indicating that it’s news from London, from
about a week earlier. This news, in turn, opens with items from American
newspapers from late January. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The opening news items are
followed by a host of adverts and public notices, including the ‘Rates for
Carrying Soldiers’ Baggage’.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 2</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This follows a similar pattern
to page 1, being headlined ‘Sunday and Tuesday’s Posts’. This is a mix of items
about the war, a summary of the short bulletins about the King’s health, and
about politics in the light of the new Regency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">There’s a note about ‘Ladies
fashions for February’ and notice of a marriage and a death. A section headed
‘Market Chronicle’ gives prices for grain, flour, hops and other goods.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The rest of the page is given
over to more advertisements and notices.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 3</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Yet more news gleaned from
London newspapers, more marriages, births and deaths, notices of concerts and
plays in Bath, and—the most essential item for the fashionable—a list of the
recently arrived in the city. Yet more advertisements.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Curiously, a short section on
horse races opens: ‘Nothing can be more dull and unedifying than the accounts
of sports and pastimes of the present day.’</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 4</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This opens with political news,
then it’s back to military updates and sundry other news items. Yet more
births, marriages and deaths, and a list of bankruptcies. This back page
concludes with another couple of columns filled with advertisements.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;"><i>Perthshire Courier</i></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Again, this newspaper covers 4
pages. The first page header reads ‘Perth Courier’, dated Thursday February 7,
1811. It’s issue number 157, and the price is sixpence.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It seems to have been a weekly
newspaper, published on a Thursday.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The four pages comprise five
columns of text. Unlike the other two papers, the front page has a headline
that stands out: ‘The Regent’s Procession’, which I mentioned above.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 1</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The government or state lottery
features heavily at the top of this page, with two advertisements from brokers
promoting the lottery. The rest of the page is given over to adverts and
notices. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 2</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This page is packed with news.
It’s headed ‘Foreign Intelligence’ and comprises extracts from official
dispatches and private letters relating to the Peninsular War in Spain and
Portugal. There’s a short section about America and Mexico.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Under ‘Domestic Intelligence’
it shares information from the London Gazette, from late January. There’s a
section on the average prices of British corn, then a report from the ‘Imperial
Parliament’ about the Regency Bill, dated 28 January.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 3</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Regency Bill discussions in
Parliament take up half of this page, following its progress until 1 February.
There’s a section on the health of King George III and further discussion about
the Regency.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">All this is followed by short
news items about deaths and a shoplifting incident in London. The page ends
with various news items from the Royal Navy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 4</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This page includes news from
Scotland and Perth—typically short reports about crimes or unfortunate deaths.
A reasonable number of births, marriages and deaths are listed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The page concludes with more
notices, prices of grain and other commodities, and finally <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the ‘State of the barometer and thermometer
taken at nine o’clock morning’ each day. This tells us that for the last week,
it’s been cold with snow and rain.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><xml>
</xml></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who wrote this blog. </span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage us and help us to keep making our research freely available, please buy us a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p>
<iframe height="712" id="kofiframe" src="https://ko-fi.com/regencyhistory/?hidefeed=true&widget=true&embed=true&preview=true" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: none; padding: 4px; width: 100%;" title="regencyhistory"></iframe>
<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt;">Note:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt;">All three newspapers are
available to read if you subscribe to <i>The British Newspaper Archive</i>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt;">You can find the copies I looked
at here:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><a href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001476/18110207/004/0001?browse=true" target="_blank">London Courier and Evening Gazette </a></i><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><a href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000221/18110207/016/0001?browse=true" target="_blank">Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette </a></i><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results/1811-02-07/1811-02-07?NewspaperTitle=Perthshire%2BCourier&IssueId=BL%2F0001173%2F18110207%2F&County=Perthshire%2C%20Scotland" target="_blank">Perthshire Courier </a></p>
<p></p>Andrew Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02866928501693775023noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-68309123839903594892023-09-22T15:28:00.003+01:002023-09-22T15:32:52.441+01:00Jane Austen Festival in Bath - Grand Regency Costumed Promenade 2023<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH9EZ3nQM86Hmw_zRJ6X7xu3rXok7VVyffITGFxXt3zrjn299CqNW6Kaz4G9NTqIdMziUl4XrGJije_voXNTqw-j8r_t9-iVzxweuEMxyUNOCMVrR0nVi3meeElU8d8SOxbkwGg4NQVBpYyG0oUZ_20-ET3_sPWYh_ObOaQnYwz6mfkTIr__SuRrHx2dab/s1563/J1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jane Austen Regency Parade 2023 Bath" border="0" data-original-height="1291" data-original-width="1563" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH9EZ3nQM86Hmw_zRJ6X7xu3rXok7VVyffITGFxXt3zrjn299CqNW6Kaz4G9NTqIdMziUl4XrGJije_voXNTqw-j8r_t9-iVzxweuEMxyUNOCMVrR0nVi3meeElU8d8SOxbkwGg4NQVBpYyG0oUZ_20-ET3_sPWYh_ObOaQnYwz6mfkTIr__SuRrHx2dab/w400-h330/J1.jpg" title="Jane Austen Regency Parade 2023 Bath" width="400" /></a></div> </span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bonnets, bayonets and brilliant sunshine</span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">9 September 2023—officially the
hottest day of the year in England. It’s early and the sun’s already hot. But
the dew is heavy on the grass outside the Holburne Museum in Bath, because it’s
September and summer is fading into autumn.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The annual Grand Regency
Costumed Promenade—the formal opener to the annual Jane Austen Festival in Bath—is
about to get underway.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Passersby stop to gaze and snap
the scene. Have they unexpectedly slipped backwards two hundred years to the
age of elegance personified by characters from Jane Austen?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Dozens of women in Empire line
dresses. Men in high boots and smart jackets. The flash of red from military
uniforms. And hats. Lots and lots of hats. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvmS5fE2Y55LjXIsHx0ScSC9tTfkdjq-SmnBEjFasj3HL9NqhoORJMwZlt2waVVNgNa9pnzb0pLqG-RD0s6r8_NeRx4u1gsDcmoBbZNxZTUxA2S_UoRPy-Lvygtm2jAVTzzxTXEjEG9fcQzPosJ0cI729KzIOtE4kAddEThUN-Avxg8gm9rKhgLQQ4s2Cn/s1432/J13.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jane Austen Regency Parade 2023 Bath" border="0" data-original-height="1432" data-original-width="1403" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvmS5fE2Y55LjXIsHx0ScSC9tTfkdjq-SmnBEjFasj3HL9NqhoORJMwZlt2waVVNgNa9pnzb0pLqG-RD0s6r8_NeRx4u1gsDcmoBbZNxZTUxA2S_UoRPy-Lvygtm2jAVTzzxTXEjEG9fcQzPosJ0cI729KzIOtE4kAddEThUN-Avxg8gm9rKhgLQQ4s2Cn/w393-h400/J13.jpg" title="Jane Austen Regency Parade 2023 Bath" width="393" /></a></div>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_tkkf1jbovm6v"></a> </h3><h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Nearly 20 years of
Regency promenades</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Amazingly, it took Bath over
180 years to truly appreciate one of its biggest assets. The Jane Austen
Festival began in 2001, some 184 years after the author’s death, with the first
Regency costumed promenade in 2004.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The annual Grand Regency
Costumed Promenade now attracts hundreds of people, who dress in Regency costume
to parade through the streets their heroine once trod. The event holds the
Guiness World Record for the ‘Largest gathering of people dressed in Regency
costumes’—secured in <a href="https://youtu.be/-imy3fzO2ks" target="_blank">2014</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">That was the first year we
attended. We’ve since been back three times, in <a href="https://youtu.be/Alz6rSMAH_0" target="_blank">2015</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/46Zd4rOi-vs" target="_blank">2016</a> and, after a break,
in <a href="https://youtu.be/SUrwkH_FAEE" target="_blank">2023</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Every year we’ve made a short
film of the promenade. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@Regency_History" target="_blank">You can see them all on our YouTube channel. </a><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/SUrwkH_FAEE" target="_blank"><img alt="Jane Austen Regency Parade 2023 Bath" border="0" data-original-height="1677" data-original-width="1103" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXztMCMzEXSg2nR0yCNLHr_5HZysVI71L9nsk2ORJaPNCkr-VOqLUWp4jdPVve5aL2esjiyMMkX9KfS3fnlxobhk9rgqpPiRJ9RPhKFPCUCknLL1lACv4bxRsgdtIeLOTmOP1m0N2y-a2spbVaChGOFAqmOYA_Wk4Zspsq36iq4Xbjtuyy79qK3okqOOWu/w263-h400/J5.jpg" title="Jane Austen Regency Parade 2023 Bath" width="263" /></a></div>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> </h3><h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">People come from
all over the world</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Grand Regency Costumed
Promenade draws a crowd. Not just the surprised tourists and bemused shoppers
encountered along the way, but also the participants attracted from around the
world.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Yes, you can dress up in
Regency costume anywhere, and there are many Jane Austen societies around the
globe. But to walk the glowing streets of Bath, looked down upon by the same buildings
that once watched Jane—that’s magic you can’t find anywhere else.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">However, the promenade is less
about words and more about the spectacle. So here are some glimpses into the
crowds that strolled the streets with us this year.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaQ0tFoSKaZfoD7n2LbtVFmGvj_LOqY7tZFIemGZZ7Z6rHe4maJj4HjUqf34NRcm6gMBcJp5MP9k-0s5Ex8DU5OjyMSKL1nG9zIc-DJy7KpY2eVvvORz9J2QssC_zsV113pAjz1s8HtJ_WmH3w3Mp5TXKHu6eZQSFuLjysGs9jvaC3EjHX_70KNJRddqGh/s1452/J12.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jane Austen Parade 2023" border="0" data-original-height="1452" data-original-width="1139" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaQ0tFoSKaZfoD7n2LbtVFmGvj_LOqY7tZFIemGZZ7Z6rHe4maJj4HjUqf34NRcm6gMBcJp5MP9k-0s5Ex8DU5OjyMSKL1nG9zIc-DJy7KpY2eVvvORz9J2QssC_zsV113pAjz1s8HtJ_WmH3w3Mp5TXKHu6eZQSFuLjysGs9jvaC3EjHX_70KNJRddqGh/w314-h400/J12.jpg" title="Jane Austen Parade 2023" width="314" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9BQYPk5wQMKtOJZxNPerRevV860HKHWsLP8lK-MVcxKTTZ2l3N7zomlWzCGHdPQu2hEMUW1ygorbFwVBn4X5vNsuYPWMyc7xvdn8awcCGIxnXz1iBvTrvL9zYuxwEvT7tV15LfVGWRsKVN6a91cPzGX-oWx9EOViLC4pf0T4fIC7XFZMNLxC5OQDugBW/s1245/J14.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jane Austen Parade 2023" border="0" data-original-height="1245" data-original-width="826" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9BQYPk5wQMKtOJZxNPerRevV860HKHWsLP8lK-MVcxKTTZ2l3N7zomlWzCGHdPQu2hEMUW1ygorbFwVBn4X5vNsuYPWMyc7xvdn8awcCGIxnXz1iBvTrvL9zYuxwEvT7tV15LfVGWRsKVN6a91cPzGX-oWx9EOViLC4pf0T4fIC7XFZMNLxC5OQDugBW/w265-h400/J14.jpg" title="Jane Austen Parade 2023" width="265" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSjxq8D2Bo2xTL1e4Y-qXF8kfEXnEc78E9nMi-9a9YexWo_yTyVxtcjGb_hCTRrWZfUR1TSOMrjMGT46CEOgr4yKLAtJedNys6Ru5ia-73vCq6WLAlGif-QXL1ZhGSKedtJDm1eZK94y4GPI0XUUKH2H4i54uVR_CaBvvZaVm-NfGk0Xh90lVEjLCf40oo/s1737/J11.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jane Austen Parade 2023" border="0" data-original-height="1737" data-original-width="1081" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSjxq8D2Bo2xTL1e4Y-qXF8kfEXnEc78E9nMi-9a9YexWo_yTyVxtcjGb_hCTRrWZfUR1TSOMrjMGT46CEOgr4yKLAtJedNys6Ru5ia-73vCq6WLAlGif-QXL1ZhGSKedtJDm1eZK94y4GPI0XUUKH2H4i54uVR_CaBvvZaVm-NfGk0Xh90lVEjLCf40oo/w249-h400/J11.jpg" title="Jane Austen Parade 2023" width="249" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3WW26ivzzLRPdqaiVYRREYDf-ysjUIupFqJmPnHYXxv6B-TItmHxnROBnzl3oKW3OIWHdku3I2C7FZdZyuwV2tpSAWmuKDexVRB5NWzluIwDrk1SY4X7S1K0TGb7fjweeMBrY5ctZ7V7OS6UQW1zkgOmHtoYKOHhu73YwDaLKmfWv6XBo70FXMjAgLpdg/s1821/J7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jane Austen Parade 2023" border="0" data-original-height="1821" data-original-width="1305" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3WW26ivzzLRPdqaiVYRREYDf-ysjUIupFqJmPnHYXxv6B-TItmHxnROBnzl3oKW3OIWHdku3I2C7FZdZyuwV2tpSAWmuKDexVRB5NWzluIwDrk1SY4X7S1K0TGb7fjweeMBrY5ctZ7V7OS6UQW1zkgOmHtoYKOHhu73YwDaLKmfWv6XBo70FXMjAgLpdg/w286-h400/J7.jpg" title="Jane Austen Parade 2023" width="286" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who now co-authors this blog. </span></span></div><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage us and help us to keep making our research freely available, please buy us a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p><p>
<iframe height="712" id="kofiframe" src="https://ko-fi.com/regencyhistory/?hidefeed=true&widget=true&embed=true&preview=true" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: none; padding: 4px; width: 100%;" title="regencyhistory"></iframe> </p><p>All photographs © Andrew Knowles - RegencyHistory.net <br /></p>Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-17795779176174672252023-08-12T16:11:00.001+01:002023-10-20T11:00:29.093+01:00Book review: Victorian Entrepreneur William Schaw Lindsay by Bill Lindsay <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCUlA9iobM5DEjvv8WDJz8UZDfXxZd-87sOSRlvi2fevpte8g46Z_TZri9JjKy4sVTwX8XXp_L1dorV-g2rVldgQNCjRZ_w-F4zUKKoGbgvdUDpDEHk7g9giTlM7FJw3aoz9z9y7xP24UBlS2aswN2pBp_vlSZnGS4Fx9uj-Q_kb-_6izTm-tQC8MNomE/s2736/William%20Schaw%20Lindsay%20by%20Bill%20Lindsay.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Front cover of William Schaw Lindsay by Bill Lindsay on wooden plate with sea glass and broken pottery" border="0" data-original-height="2734" data-original-width="2736" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCUlA9iobM5DEjvv8WDJz8UZDfXxZd-87sOSRlvi2fevpte8g46Z_TZri9JjKy4sVTwX8XXp_L1dorV-g2rVldgQNCjRZ_w-F4zUKKoGbgvdUDpDEHk7g9giTlM7FJw3aoz9z9y7xP24UBlS2aswN2pBp_vlSZnGS4Fx9uj-Q_kb-_6izTm-tQC8MNomE/w400-h400/William%20Schaw%20Lindsay%20by%20Bill%20Lindsay.jpg" title="Front cover of William Schaw Lindsay by Bill Lindsay" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This book
sits on the very edge of the time period I usually write about, which is late
Georgian through the Regency. William Schaw Lindsay was born in the middle of
the Regency, but almost his entire adult life was during the reign of Queen
Victoria.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">However, its
appeal to me was the business angle. Early Victorian commercial life was not
that different to that of the Regency period. Neither was life aboard a
merchant ship, which William Schaw Lindsay experienced and described, during
the 1830s.</p>
<h2>Victorian entrepreneur</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In 1833
William Schaw Lindsay was an unemployed 17-year-old living rough in Liverpool
docks. An orphan, far from his Scottish home, he applied to ship after ship for
work. Time after time he was refused, sometimes violently.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In 1877,
some 44 years later, William Schaw Lindsay was an invalid sitting beside the
River Thames near London. Aged 61, he’d been unwell for over ten years. But in
the three decades between being alone in Liverpool and suffering a stroke, he
transformed his life, and that of many others.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">He rose from
having nothing to becoming one of the world’s wealthiest ship owners, a Member
of Parliament, and an influencer in maritime laws. He also wrote extensively,
publishing his ‘magnum opus’ in the 1870s - the four volume <i>History of
Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></p>
<h2><a name="_j4t24jtbm2o"></a>A lively biography told as if by Lindsay </h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The author,
Bill Lindsay, is descended from the ship-owning entrepreneur featured in the
book. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The
introduction states:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><blockquote><i>Lindsay’s
journal provides fascinating first-hand insights into merchant shipping in
Victorian days, mismanagement of the Crimean War, and European involvement in
the American Civil War.</i></blockquote><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The author
has chosen to adopt what I consider to be an unusual approach. William Schaw
Lindsay’s birth is written in the third person, but the story quickly flips to
being told in the first person.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">We’re told
that all the information in the book is drawn from William Schaw Lindsay’s
journals and other writings. However, there seem to be no direct quotes from
those writings. The author has chosen to tell the story in the first person,
based on these sources, but rewriting them for a modern audience.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This is
understandable, given the Victorian prose style would not suit a 21st century
audience. However, it means we rarely hear directly from William Schaw Lindsay
himself. For me, as a lover of primary sources, this was frustrating. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">That said,
the tale is a lively one, particularly the opening sections that cover William
Schaw Lindsay’s sailing days. He rose from ship’s boy to captain in just a few
years, experiencing first-hand the rigours of sailing on a merchant ship in the
1830s.</p>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_cvn1hioqc5pj"></a>Fascinating
Stories from Victorian England</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">There are
some wonderful stories inside the book. They’re enjoyable to read and could be
useful to those researching life at that time. These include:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The drama of a parliamentary election in
the 1850s. </b>These were highly disruptive to the community. Crowds got drunk,
windows and furniture were smashed, and coaches were overturned. The buying of
votes was open, and the winning margins were slim.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bride ships and coffin ships.</b> The
former were vessels employed to take batches of women to Canada, where there
was a shortage of marriageable women. Coffin ships were sent to sea in an
unseaworthy condition by owners hoping they’d sink, leading to an insurance
payout. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Trials of the Crimean War.</b> A number of
William Schaw Lindsay’s ships supplied the British forces in the Crimea. He
also adopted a dog that remained faithfully beside its dead Russian master,
until it was removed by a British soldier. The war lowered his opinion of
British military logistics - in just one of many errors it shipped 500 tables
to the army but left all the legs in England.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The American Civil War.</b> William Schaw
Lindsay met Abraham Lincoln and many other American leaders in the years before
the war. His shipping business meant he had a close interest in transatlantic
trade, and as a Member of Parliament he had involvement with British government
officials. He supported the southern cause.</p>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_eqnzkhppq0m7"></a>A
Classic Rags-to-Riches Story From Victorian England</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It’s interesting
to see, almost at first hand, how a penniless orphan became one of Britain’s
leading shipping magnates. Of course, we’re hearing his version of the story,
but there’s no boasting about achievements and no sense of thrusting ambition.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">William
Schaw Lindsay was one of those influential and well-connected Victorians who stood
in the shadows of others. He met Queen Victoria, Abraham Lincoln, Isambard
Kingdom Brunel. He was in Parliament with two of Britain’s most famous Prime
Ministers - Disraeli and Gladstone. Through his journals he told his own story,
and now we can read it.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The book
contains several appendices, including a list of ships he owned, voyages of the
Tynemouth during the Crimean war with details of cargo, and a list of his
considerable property on his death. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.amberley-books.com/william-schaw-lindsay.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i>William
Schaw Lindsay</i> is published by Amberley and is available here.</a> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who wrote this review. </span></span></div><p></p>
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Andrew Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02866928501693775023noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-88563562423484698052023-08-02T14:27:00.005+01:002023-08-02T14:29:45.751+01:00Athelhampton House in Dorset revisited - a new Regency History guide<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqQcxfrGSI33-RZo-0z3td--DO0Tzq1f0z4E-c1tfop7gvMddNKAYujEhNd8szPw46P17EiM_ojlpt0n_a3HciZi6x_dIPUlEYOTYcrp_wVQVW-QlBeRs-iMdWCW1K2kQjvGJyzQGvPcs9pFwY6rqjROjpXf9ZLXxcHQLICSqtqSv3rLL3jeAciUZ3xgI/s5472/Athelhampton%20front%20(2015).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Athelhampton House - front entrance 2015" border="0" data-original-height="3648" data-original-width="5472" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqQcxfrGSI33-RZo-0z3td--DO0Tzq1f0z4E-c1tfop7gvMddNKAYujEhNd8szPw46P17EiM_ojlpt0n_a3HciZi6x_dIPUlEYOTYcrp_wVQVW-QlBeRs-iMdWCW1K2kQjvGJyzQGvPcs9pFwY6rqjROjpXf9ZLXxcHQLICSqtqSv3rLL3jeAciUZ3xgI/w400-h266/Athelhampton%20front%20(2015).jpg" title="Athelhampton House - front entrance 2015" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Athelhampton House<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Athelhampton House, in Dorset,
was a 326-year-old pigsty at the start of the Regency period. The ground floor
of the Tudor Great Hall, built in 1485, and the connected West Wing, had become
home to pigs and poultry. And they had been that way for decades.</div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Today Athelhampton is one of
England’s finest Tudor mansions. It was pretty impressive when it was built, but
a visitor in the Regency period would have seen it as a tired, rundown relic of
a farmhouse. Little more than an ornate barn.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Not that many people would have
visited Athelhampton. Despite King George III regularly passing nearby on his
way to and from Weymouth, the house wasn’t on the itinerary of anyone of any
consequence. It was lived in by tenant farmers—hence the livestock roaming the
halls.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKoc6pR1JnNwRa00fDv2_zwLMftzg5kG9N5cqrlwnCmrkZG90xjaypnYNc2cts8Wj4vNFGNOpVBmki_vdMCxMYsddIQ_jLx4x1ptcjxKOFsngzurI2QLw-OgSZHfBQvttbTLXl3_8yJ2vgqUHqZq1hXAZgpEy6i8AXaxjFAwuJtLtiimXwK5hFhFC6WaM/s2015/Athelhampton%202023%20Back%20of%20house%20&%20dovecote%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Athelhampton House - back of house and dovecote 2023" border="0" data-original-height="1085" data-original-width="2015" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKoc6pR1JnNwRa00fDv2_zwLMftzg5kG9N5cqrlwnCmrkZG90xjaypnYNc2cts8Wj4vNFGNOpVBmki_vdMCxMYsddIQ_jLx4x1ptcjxKOFsngzurI2QLw-OgSZHfBQvttbTLXl3_8yJ2vgqUHqZq1hXAZgpEy6i8AXaxjFAwuJtLtiimXwK5hFhFC6WaM/w400-h215/Athelhampton%202023%20Back%20of%20house%20&%20dovecote%202.jpg" title="Athelhampton House - back of house and dovecote 2023" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rear view of Athelhampton House and the dovecote (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: left;">A house protected
by the pigs</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In July 2023 Andrew and I were
invited to tour Athelhampton, which has been under new ownership since 2019.
The house, which was already ancient by the time of the Regency, offers an
alternative narrative to what we associate with the grand halls of the period.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Athelhampton stands out as a
historic mansion, because it’s not built in the classical style we associate
with the Georgians. It lacks the symmetry and bold pillars of so many grand
houses. The Tudor styling and unbalanced frontage would have looked quaintly
old-fashioned to the Regency eye.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">That the house survived for so
long (the Great Hall is now over 530 years old) is probably because Nicholas
Martyn died with no male heir in 1595. He was the grandson of the house
builder, Sir William Martyn, who put it up in 1485.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Nicholas Martyn had four
daughters, each of whom inherited a quarter of the property. Because no one
person owned the house, no one was able to make major changes to it. By 1700,
ownership had been consolidated to a three-quarter and a one-quarter share,
split between two families, each of which owned other estates. Neither family
lived at Athelhampton, preferring to rent the property to farmers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This relegation in status
protected the architecture we admire today. Had a wealthy Georgian had sole
control over Athelhampton, it’s likely he would have wanted to make a statement
by tearing it down, and rebuilding it in a more fashionable style. Hence, it’s
the pigs that protected the house.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Ironically, it was also a
farmer who helped the house survive into the 21st century. Tenant farmer George
Wood bought the largest share of the Athelhampton inheritance in 1848. In 1861
he acquired the other share to become the first sole owner in over 250 years. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In 1891 the Woods sold the
house to Alfred Cart de Lafontaine. He began the process of restoring the house
to its former glory, and laid out the elegant gardens. This work, and that of
subsequent owners, protected the house from the rampant demolition that
destroyed so many historic buildings in the 20th century.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP1wwGOlCSd0P1KXKW6nIK7XFCpSxs3a1D-cLzhPcC2xOLOqeoaNrEyRE2EtOM2Vovdz5nzHoS4tOlDLyQlML5R9c3Z8WoFLc4t-pAQoPqYEgJH6ERIrrwuEY0XUQb-JsSumFm8qDqIXqnhjiYI5ldcBlbPxdYbvie0ypAy63jZ2cEahEi9WjHE3tqg1c/s3648/Athelhampton%20Gardens%202023%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ornate gate leading to garden at Athelhampton (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="3648" data-original-width="2736" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP1wwGOlCSd0P1KXKW6nIK7XFCpSxs3a1D-cLzhPcC2xOLOqeoaNrEyRE2EtOM2Vovdz5nzHoS4tOlDLyQlML5R9c3Z8WoFLc4t-pAQoPqYEgJH6ERIrrwuEY0XUQb-JsSumFm8qDqIXqnhjiYI5ldcBlbPxdYbvie0ypAy63jZ2cEahEi9WjHE3tqg1c/w300-h400/Athelhampton%20Gardens%202023%202.jpg" title="Ornate gate leading to garden at Athelhampton (2023)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of the gardens at Athelhampton (2023)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: left;">Regency Athelhampton</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">During the Regency (1811–1820)
Athelhampton was owned by Catherine Tylney-Long (1789–1825), an heiress
believed to be the richest commoner in England. She inherited a huge portfolio
of properties as a teenager in 1805, giving her the nickname of “The Wiltshire
Heiress”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">As already mentioned, at the time
the house was leased to farmers, and it stayed that way during her ownership.
She probably never visited the house.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJUWNC3nOQZi-y_h1nWvbRyc0rLvil2_Jag_nEC1GNqX3POZkutKpo1IHENhZ-rI5HsQ5ZdyFEOUVFstwTGmWfxO9EFsgvjFwxG8jbowR0HvZFPm4e8JHBcsWrqpVVXmqEm5sPlypACcy6c1THqdGhwxG6n91ysF_0EHfdrXuq-5qpeoZhDLGyi7RvbTw/s477/CatherineTylneyLong%20by%20an%20unknown%20artist%20Friends%20of%20Wanstead.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Catherine Tylney-Long by an unknown artist" border="0" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="350" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJUWNC3nOQZi-y_h1nWvbRyc0rLvil2_Jag_nEC1GNqX3POZkutKpo1IHENhZ-rI5HsQ5ZdyFEOUVFstwTGmWfxO9EFsgvjFwxG8jbowR0HvZFPm4e8JHBcsWrqpVVXmqEm5sPlypACcy6c1THqdGhwxG6n91ysF_0EHfdrXuq-5qpeoZhDLGyi7RvbTw/w235-h320/CatherineTylneyLong%20by%20an%20unknown%20artist%20Friends%20of%20Wanstead.jpeg" title="Catherine Tylney-Long by an unknown artist" width="235" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Catherine Tylney-Long by an unknown artist</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: left;">A close brush with
royalty</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Despite being incredibly
wealthy, Catherine Tylney-Long’s story is tragic. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">She also came close to being
queen. She was courted by <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2011/10/william-iv-1765-1837.html" target="_blank">William, Duke of Clarence</a>, third son of King George
III, who was nearly 25 years her senior. The press mocked him for pursuing her.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Duke of Clarence became
William IV in 1830. Had Catherine married him, she would have become queen,
if—and this is an extremely big if—George III had given his permission for the
marriage. With that permission, the marriage would have been legal, and the
eldest of their children would have become monarch after William, not his niece
Victoria.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0l0rIuWiVgT6h1FZ84mSmyrNckZB0bEI9SbU2RglGJdKyqiUn1Ubv_gSpvKYN-HUeeJmbcHBXgnpGEEcY04sU4rRtobTLJqQ5h2T_LWgCBuaxxiwynkOMEhazLbYMgnl59H2xWbX_LVg386qensZEDOLAvoXVuW6lGk1Eb7XYzlaBc1c_sLoyTA86t9o/s800/TheDisconsolateSailor%20cartoon.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Disconsolate Sailor (1811) - a cartoon by Argus (Charles Williams)" border="0" data-original-height="613" data-original-width="800" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0l0rIuWiVgT6h1FZ84mSmyrNckZB0bEI9SbU2RglGJdKyqiUn1Ubv_gSpvKYN-HUeeJmbcHBXgnpGEEcY04sU4rRtobTLJqQ5h2T_LWgCBuaxxiwynkOMEhazLbYMgnl59H2xWbX_LVg386qensZEDOLAvoXVuW6lGk1Eb7XYzlaBc1c_sLoyTA86t9o/w400-h306/TheDisconsolateSailor%20cartoon.jpg" title="The Disconsolate Sailor (1811) - a cartoon by Argus (Charles Williams)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The Disconsolate Sailor </i>(1811) by Argus (Charles Williams)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">But Catherine turned down the
Duke of Clarence and accepted a proposal from William Wellesley-Pole, a man
with a wild reputation. They married in March 1812. William continued his
outrageous lifestyle of womanising and gambling, spending much of her wealth.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">She died in 1825, aged just 35.
The newspapers reported:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>To her, riches have been
worse than poverty; and her life seems to have been sacrificed, and her heart
ultimately broken, through the very means which should have cherished and
maintained her in the happiness and splendour which her fortune and disposition
were alike qualified to produce</i>.<sub>1</sub></blockquote></div> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Catherine was also connected
with another major figure of the Regency era, <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2015/06/arthur-wellesley-1st-duke-of-wellington.html" target="_blank">the Duke of Wellington</a>. Her
husband was the great man’s nephew. It was Catherine’s son who sold
Athelhampton to the tenant farmer, George Wood, in 1848, to pay off some of his
father’s debts.</p>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: left;">What you can see at Athelhampton today</h2>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge2FbVczx5QzPWuTqcn2ZNRE8YYiMpFvPCGBcYVHFtDUKx9-5h-0aKdgMbGEZ8wt5UKcYMXH2NAx8HD8VoTH65bLERHuW8TAeecRRVlF-mSJa1ABWHiJz5xzTX3yfUpR9jzxtdLw4sveoKi5EttvH7Q23K2nixf33lej36Q2UYHBS4rNCmg7o9M2Wtq6M/s2048/Rachel%20at%20Athelhampton%204-7-23.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Rachel Knowles by staircase in Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge2FbVczx5QzPWuTqcn2ZNRE8YYiMpFvPCGBcYVHFtDUKx9-5h-0aKdgMbGEZ8wt5UKcYMXH2NAx8HD8VoTH65bLERHuW8TAeecRRVlF-mSJa1ABWHiJz5xzTX3yfUpR9jzxtdLw4sveoKi5EttvH7Q23K2nixf33lej36Q2UYHBS4rNCmg7o9M2Wtq6M/w300-h400/Rachel%20at%20Athelhampton%204-7-23.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles by staircase in Athelhampton House (2023)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rachel at Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Our comprehensive tour of
Athelhampton House took several hours, as the extremely knowledgeable manager
of the site—Owen Davies—showed us around. A new owner bought the house in 2019
and implemented a series of renovations. He opened up new areas of the house,
and visitors are now allowed to enter rooms which previously you could only see
from the doorway.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The previous owner auctioned
off the house contents separately, and so apart from a few items, such as the
portrait of Princess Sophia, which the new owner was able to secure, most of
what you see today has come into the house since then. However, much of it is
authentic period furniture, and the rooms have been set out to represent
different periods in Athelhampton’s history.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizAMNTlbJmq6o8k1AkRSpeUu36hcdRM-kJoLoLRWY9VYG3uGuEwaPqI0PzGDZMxOm6mA5npqhDApX_yDHwFdx1s-4QY5Eamk7GX2KAhLC6d9eJqZzyhn6PKITH6LoZjezM9xZAueYQq4ki5cjYMYiNZzCc4leXbDCfqlUJMy4cSC7BEjIdvJ7WZdYq50k/s3683/Princess%20Sophia.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Portrait of Princess Sophia by Robinson after Sir William Beechey (1820)" border="0" data-original-height="3683" data-original-width="2941" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizAMNTlbJmq6o8k1AkRSpeUu36hcdRM-kJoLoLRWY9VYG3uGuEwaPqI0PzGDZMxOm6mA5npqhDApX_yDHwFdx1s-4QY5Eamk7GX2KAhLC6d9eJqZzyhn6PKITH6LoZjezM9xZAueYQq4ki5cjYMYiNZzCc4leXbDCfqlUJMy4cSC7BEjIdvJ7WZdYq50k/w320-h400/Princess%20Sophia.jpg" title="Portrait of Princess Sophia by Robinson after Sir William Beechey (1820)" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portrait of Princess Sophia <br />by Robinson after Sir William Beechey (1820)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">There is also more emphasis on
one of Athelhampton’s most famous visitors—author Thomas Hardy. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">These are some of the highlights:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Tudor doors</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ2JJWYXW-ZiOpanBGUsR4zqVOG2y5DQOe8iV27_ZskN6hwk7RXxxmW24GOBAbY3mEcggmVnYan7dYhdQ53qV8YV5rM00S3wKstasvPCMqh-hx4VojwBtNp775NMOrdqp41wCeiOGF1mBL_nk7htH6tGBt17K02wOF0lx09XMHETrLrIo6Q5z2E4QJIXc/s2048/Athelhampton%202023%20Tudor%20door.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Tudor door at Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ2JJWYXW-ZiOpanBGUsR4zqVOG2y5DQOe8iV27_ZskN6hwk7RXxxmW24GOBAbY3mEcggmVnYan7dYhdQ53qV8YV5rM00S3wKstasvPCMqh-hx4VojwBtNp775NMOrdqp41wCeiOGF1mBL_nk7htH6tGBt17K02wOF0lx09XMHETrLrIo6Q5z2E4QJIXc/w300-h400/Athelhampton%202023%20Tudor%20door.jpg" title="Tudor door at Athelhampton House (2023)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tudor door, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Tudor Great Hall</b>, with its impressive,
beamed ceiling and Oriel window.</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgihWYhtP7dvgx9g-DYum3gnFLfBh7lwcal7CMU06xJIpdDj81pI947eRnn2Sj4Jx4ZoZayXY7ZvQbDlg69J9z-6w13LJZZ6ka-A1YjdPhLUAr8VQIXDGp4PBtrgo58mnstft4hS5C6WauOZi-2EUHZyNwmcqPBS-1vDleSpUzjFHPyJ5UXOy7YcL3uYNY/s2048/Athelhampton%202023%20Great%20Hall%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Tudor Great Hall, Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgihWYhtP7dvgx9g-DYum3gnFLfBh7lwcal7CMU06xJIpdDj81pI947eRnn2Sj4Jx4ZoZayXY7ZvQbDlg69J9z-6w13LJZZ6ka-A1YjdPhLUAr8VQIXDGp4PBtrgo58mnstft4hS5C6WauOZi-2EUHZyNwmcqPBS-1vDleSpUzjFHPyJ5UXOy7YcL3uYNY/w300-h400/Athelhampton%202023%20Great%20Hall%202.jpg" title="Tudor Great Hall, Athelhampton House (2023)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tudor Great Hall, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9AgoxR9aFHoYeF5CL18tAJGYglILw4A2p11wfe_f0ngrSO-WoPM1Yb_t1Etj4GIcH9QT3IUFDAz7-C6CuXjuFKgMUFeVg5FpTpFlDKUniiuxwxtl9UQTRyWJV_VKVyrpHyy4jGd11jDZSiq5uyZEFjLkDYIX5LeFrocl44A7i5YjXH7cr91uONmUY7RY/s2048/Athelhampton%202023%20Great%20Hall%20-%20ceiling.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ceiling of the Tudor Great Hall at Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9AgoxR9aFHoYeF5CL18tAJGYglILw4A2p11wfe_f0ngrSO-WoPM1Yb_t1Etj4GIcH9QT3IUFDAz7-C6CuXjuFKgMUFeVg5FpTpFlDKUniiuxwxtl9UQTRyWJV_VKVyrpHyy4jGd11jDZSiq5uyZEFjLkDYIX5LeFrocl44A7i5YjXH7cr91uONmUY7RY/w300-h400/Athelhampton%202023%20Great%20Hall%20-%20ceiling.jpg" title="Ceiling of the Tudor Great Hall at Athelhampton House (2023)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ceiling of the Tudor Great Hall, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWybFacOfJR35ghKaayyaJrvBPRiOIYQw7ZAPrGNgFKhrAlHIEkHejYmbLNnyQP_tyNYwe7dN5rq2uEhFcfJ3LvKzW3PL0kFfNojlsmBdSTKcRMNNY2ZF6EB1hLGuk2Uhm8pPWaO0wqr4cr-J-pHqT8V03Eo9qTXyJxMj73yJwI8VUoxHK_wyFmBBXFF8/s3648/Athelhampton%202023%20Oriel%20Window,%20Great%20Hall.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Oriel Window in Tudor Great Hall at Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="3648" data-original-width="2736" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWybFacOfJR35ghKaayyaJrvBPRiOIYQw7ZAPrGNgFKhrAlHIEkHejYmbLNnyQP_tyNYwe7dN5rq2uEhFcfJ3LvKzW3PL0kFfNojlsmBdSTKcRMNNY2ZF6EB1hLGuk2Uhm8pPWaO0wqr4cr-J-pHqT8V03Eo9qTXyJxMj73yJwI8VUoxHK_wyFmBBXFF8/w300-h400/Athelhampton%202023%20Oriel%20Window,%20Great%20Hall.jpg" title="Oriel Window in Tudor Great Hall at Athelhampton House (2023)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Oriel Window in Tudor Great Hall, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The<b> Green Parlour,</b> where author
Thomas Hardy was dining in 1914 when a telegram arrived announcing the
beginning of World War I.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9trpeFgrbVJ0RRYP8syiXdbduSSnBRKhVM9OCRkroDUEGNxyOxfikRCsl2U5QFGiDDTJQShOs_ssQLji4tuGo7dL2BU5auWIardxNhWgdD5vvVazvEe2e0RkCx4p0YrUvzvcY3QrqncCTxnhMF9SlykTLgA2QSukeb5INJ-GVOy4jkh2jewSPcnqWiw4/s2048/Athelhampton%202023%20Dining%20Room.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Green Parlour, Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9trpeFgrbVJ0RRYP8syiXdbduSSnBRKhVM9OCRkroDUEGNxyOxfikRCsl2U5QFGiDDTJQShOs_ssQLji4tuGo7dL2BU5auWIardxNhWgdD5vvVazvEe2e0RkCx4p0YrUvzvcY3QrqncCTxnhMF9SlykTLgA2QSukeb5INJ-GVOy4jkh2jewSPcnqWiw4/w300-h400/Athelhampton%202023%20Dining%20Room.jpg" title="Green Parlour, Athelhampton House (2023)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Green Parlour, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The recently restored <b>Elizabethan
Kitchen.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnDg0X9dgJVDJP_JO55SxrQ7iuEDE-qKQzbZEYU_C4tHLHQA16SMekPCnRRlEnjT156oV4ipaz9md_XA4CeSayPubY-mDnmicPFlFdYfZjx6eSgU0VcEWLxylhWkRg0hCbbyJt7dOKATHm8_WMRcPM12BNMcBshW2L92VNH-TJagNqeeubJDur96jH9LU/s2048/Athelhampton%202023%20Elizabethan%20Kitchen.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Elizabethan Kitchen, Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnDg0X9dgJVDJP_JO55SxrQ7iuEDE-qKQzbZEYU_C4tHLHQA16SMekPCnRRlEnjT156oV4ipaz9md_XA4CeSayPubY-mDnmicPFlFdYfZjx6eSgU0VcEWLxylhWkRg0hCbbyJt7dOKATHm8_WMRcPM12BNMcBshW2L92VNH-TJagNqeeubJDur96jH9LU/w400-h300/Athelhampton%202023%20Elizabethan%20Kitchen.jpg" title="Elizabethan Kitchen, Athelhampton House (2023)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elizabethan Kitchen, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b></b></div><p style="text-align: justify;">The <b>Marriage Chamber</b>, with its
original fireplace, showing the motifs of Sir William Martyn and his first wife,
Isabel Farringdon—the ape and the unicorn—and an Elizabethan tester bed.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXThQpbOTXtsXUZ940ZI9AnPfyimomL2V9drX7y72MZmDalRVtMQe7iU29UdHK-_gvue1J5AgNBgf6xW46JP-QquwHkSFTGYubDsO4bPUsb2oJCjQqfWWsWWZeS_QZNm-ZOW7R3Aw0iS1BzloP5Uvx6ls5gV5V91kRyZK4C7bWF7Rl1_4s9MOfAjJeApM/s2048/Athelhampton%202023%20Marriage%20Chamber%20fireplace%20and%20chapel.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Marriage Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXThQpbOTXtsXUZ940ZI9AnPfyimomL2V9drX7y72MZmDalRVtMQe7iU29UdHK-_gvue1J5AgNBgf6xW46JP-QquwHkSFTGYubDsO4bPUsb2oJCjQqfWWsWWZeS_QZNm-ZOW7R3Aw0iS1BzloP5Uvx6ls5gV5V91kRyZK4C7bWF7Rl1_4s9MOfAjJeApM/w400-h300/Athelhampton%202023%20Marriage%20Chamber%20fireplace%20and%20chapel.jpg" title="Marriage Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marriage Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_KW0jht3wQu-o6VN45PNaTeehYKoT34qAexgeVWhfS_UZXay7OYe_81RgI8prnp9DVgMclfC-b1kdXn5T4LEECdYm7OVFUBsO1xDmPhwopWt21qBa8IlZSvRXf68zwhzQUY9SvmDPNfJ2lLVOALX7Yv_Tufg3slRPAxxO8YrjkZetgjAtzVlAkev5fH8/s2048/Athelhampton%202023%20Marriage%20Chamber.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Marriage Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_KW0jht3wQu-o6VN45PNaTeehYKoT34qAexgeVWhfS_UZXay7OYe_81RgI8prnp9DVgMclfC-b1kdXn5T4LEECdYm7OVFUBsO1xDmPhwopWt21qBa8IlZSvRXf68zwhzQUY9SvmDPNfJ2lLVOALX7Yv_Tufg3slRPAxxO8YrjkZetgjAtzVlAkev5fH8/w300-h400/Athelhampton%202023%20Marriage%20Chamber.jpg" title="Marriage Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marriage Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Armada Chest in the <b>King’s
Room</b>—a late 16th century portable safe.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdxqTemKJMZwDwngc8-kFcv6uRqNdX-jddendZjl1jtP27gb5XPcoJ3E6llSanzhPW1Z-hvY_6GTvxyamKIq4MlGNVPp2aXOzzf1EVbPotX5bli5jggyYRmln0PBeSr6noL-6bQZMVVM9kF6MejqaVDtivpCLwUIjU5Mb4F6BTozz_R3R_gRk8zLaeKaU/s2048/Athelhampton%202023%20Armada%20Chest.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Armada Chest in the King's Room, Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdxqTemKJMZwDwngc8-kFcv6uRqNdX-jddendZjl1jtP27gb5XPcoJ3E6llSanzhPW1Z-hvY_6GTvxyamKIq4MlGNVPp2aXOzzf1EVbPotX5bli5jggyYRmln0PBeSr6noL-6bQZMVVM9kF6MejqaVDtivpCLwUIjU5Mb4F6BTozz_R3R_gRk8zLaeKaU/w300-h400/Athelhampton%202023%20Armada%20Chest.jpg" title="Armada Chest in the King's Room, Athelhampton House (2023)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Armada Chest in the King's Room, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Library</b>—originally
Elizabethan bedrooms, there is a hidden door in the wood panelling leading to the
staircase that comes out in the Great Chamber. The room is dominated by a billiard
table dating from 1915.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFnzfC4mQX2j0hyRVl79lmPRywNkFO6qOvKlIbUI8YVFRXSDrt2gDjX8L3DRrU3CLUESZq3iNHHqd_epDobs77-sKO_d4vpCNJZOMfXh2rInU7R7Voe9pe-WO8NVuApry4REj9yKmhkyU6tt7uP8aJg9-8F_TsAHFi8CQPcUOaIPqtnFTJO8Mdc0laVf0/s4032/Athelhampton%202023%20Library.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Billiard table in The Library, Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFnzfC4mQX2j0hyRVl79lmPRywNkFO6qOvKlIbUI8YVFRXSDrt2gDjX8L3DRrU3CLUESZq3iNHHqd_epDobs77-sKO_d4vpCNJZOMfXh2rInU7R7Voe9pe-WO8NVuApry4REj9yKmhkyU6tt7uP8aJg9-8F_TsAHFi8CQPcUOaIPqtnFTJO8Mdc0laVf0/w400-h300/Athelhampton%202023%20Library.jpg" title="The Library, Athelhampton House (2023)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Library, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQb2zAJzGGwwQCZ9cJQgKbWWC4hrf-4CM4hFaEMWit-iobspQR7lmmLFBC933FPHV-2SkBqdkUpXCVXyNqW5HmFURYgmzQXJOekgyUmy4-L2KJp2IHv7Pa0tjZXt4guss9qigwoKdt-I1QPXcLg6zAH1FsuJzm5u20wQFSxvEFQAlbFKlXENsB2YxOMQI/s3648/Athelhampton%202023%20Library%20secret%20door.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Secret door in the Library, Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="3648" data-original-width="2736" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQb2zAJzGGwwQCZ9cJQgKbWWC4hrf-4CM4hFaEMWit-iobspQR7lmmLFBC933FPHV-2SkBqdkUpXCVXyNqW5HmFURYgmzQXJOekgyUmy4-L2KJp2IHv7Pa0tjZXt4guss9qigwoKdt-I1QPXcLg6zAH1FsuJzm5u20wQFSxvEFQAlbFKlXENsB2YxOMQI/w300-h400/Athelhampton%202023%20Library%20secret%20door.jpg" title="Secret door in the Library, Athelhampton House (2023)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Secret door in the Library, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The <b>Great Chamber</b>—used to store
grain in the 1850s, the room is lined with Elizabethan oak panels, with Italian
carving over the fireplace. And it hides a secret—a door leading to a priest
hole and a staircase up to the Library, which was originally a bedroom.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The magnificent plaster ceiling
is an early 20th century replica of the pattern used in the Globe
Room in the Reindeer Inn, Banbury, Oxfordshire, thought to be where Oliver Cromwell
held meetings during the English Civil War.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVvZ8xWzvGh4aidnrMaBzQK6kHc34uV8XIDB01wQrV3XliUmBwSg6xnZDnapf1nVE9zleEiNrBb7FgRq4XYEsEevoCCYgR2qzRt9PPnM6OKeqPgjI1VDb1p8FBJCGJJnp5wttbFANy38hhnWjaPjEa6SO2slYbpWTLiAn8vDTSlj5doSFgnwbbOlOnFPc/s2048/Athelhampton%202023%20Italian%20carved%20panels%20from%20Elizabethan%20era%20in%20Great%20Chamber.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Italian carved panels, Secret door in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVvZ8xWzvGh4aidnrMaBzQK6kHc34uV8XIDB01wQrV3XliUmBwSg6xnZDnapf1nVE9zleEiNrBb7FgRq4XYEsEevoCCYgR2qzRt9PPnM6OKeqPgjI1VDb1p8FBJCGJJnp5wttbFANy38hhnWjaPjEa6SO2slYbpWTLiAn8vDTSlj5doSFgnwbbOlOnFPc/w400-h300/Athelhampton%202023%20Italian%20carved%20panels%20from%20Elizabethan%20era%20in%20Great%20Chamber.jpg" title="Italian carved panels, Secret door in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Italian carved panels in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb5MieKhwoEsOG94mTIfLiv-kqThG07ks92HZ7TYcYtV0a_d0lMr03y1avxD0S6HBvhFkEyuVcdkfwDfk9LeGOIXwjNaPvX0UfigiHmjaq96aVRkUGPDDwuhkX1kzK6XWQ8_Ep1G1WEbmsiG12Xt4XutlZTBos_troIr1pU7xCW8PU1uksqmpJEUhLhes/s3648/Athelhampton%202023%20Secret%20door%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Secret door in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="2736" data-original-width="3648" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb5MieKhwoEsOG94mTIfLiv-kqThG07ks92HZ7TYcYtV0a_d0lMr03y1avxD0S6HBvhFkEyuVcdkfwDfk9LeGOIXwjNaPvX0UfigiHmjaq96aVRkUGPDDwuhkX1kzK6XWQ8_Ep1G1WEbmsiG12Xt4XutlZTBos_troIr1pU7xCW8PU1uksqmpJEUhLhes/w400-h300/Athelhampton%202023%20Secret%20door%202.jpg" title="Secret door in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Secret door in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXwJtcOTS1buVO20h3Uh6oAMT-H7SdkPmSp_aRufjknlpZb7huKC8aULki1Cj1ujehW1f_GEGSbFmXljmojq0VKZ8dFZJBHbMNVAXPt6axjL7jeu5qGT3d8uilu9q1vs9B_hz9rw9hQS3YySgSTLzCoiU9OwsQ6-oaB6va_BWUPDnKOvhOInTm8MajhFM/s3648/Athelhampton%202023%20windows%20in%20Great%20Chamber.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="2736" data-original-width="3648" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXwJtcOTS1buVO20h3Uh6oAMT-H7SdkPmSp_aRufjknlpZb7huKC8aULki1Cj1ujehW1f_GEGSbFmXljmojq0VKZ8dFZJBHbMNVAXPt6axjL7jeu5qGT3d8uilu9q1vs9B_hz9rw9hQS3YySgSTLzCoiU9OwsQ6-oaB6va_BWUPDnKOvhOInTm8MajhFM/w400-h300/Athelhampton%202023%20windows%20in%20Great%20Chamber.jpg" title="The Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi69Qm4Tj7i3EmtBrBMrGwXi2tdAdN-0MpRCMu2ggGGTaZiiCIlp3Xq75B8XzR3GPHdFY21J1KrULxNd2BJSssiAHVMYrZXTiV3-o49Rfrql0P-vBozv_tGkvjb6kX2L2VtuuBTOoxlD3nRUR-o6VQOshSB-UanbdwEx1vqruZInQ4ZX6RP2IpaFzSEA5E/s2048/Athelhampton%202023%20plaster%20ceiling%20in%20Great%20Chamber.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ornate plaster ceiling in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi69Qm4Tj7i3EmtBrBMrGwXi2tdAdN-0MpRCMu2ggGGTaZiiCIlp3Xq75B8XzR3GPHdFY21J1KrULxNd2BJSssiAHVMYrZXTiV3-o49Rfrql0P-vBozv_tGkvjb6kX2L2VtuuBTOoxlD3nRUR-o6VQOshSB-UanbdwEx1vqruZInQ4ZX6RP2IpaFzSEA5E/w300-h400/Athelhampton%202023%20plaster%20ceiling%20in%20Great%20Chamber.jpg" title="Ornate plaster ceiling in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ornate plaster ceiling in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Gardens</b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV2OBGe7txad5uEV9eJrwXyQF94Izgp7Oo4G96O9BAcmIpPpxFi4Sr7hK89QgwoSQCfNMvbhsbXs8fxDl5z1QvXkMY4ES-494mqdV9PJLdTmO4yco0O-L70YKd41RWZCVXxnXGzisfQ3P70cK2e3tCix7juJXt1sfeSZeNQ85YejylKp44RRR5RSD4RMw/s3648/Athelhampton%20Gardens%202023%201.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Gateway to one of the gardens at Athelhampton (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="3648" data-original-width="2736" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV2OBGe7txad5uEV9eJrwXyQF94Izgp7Oo4G96O9BAcmIpPpxFi4Sr7hK89QgwoSQCfNMvbhsbXs8fxDl5z1QvXkMY4ES-494mqdV9PJLdTmO4yco0O-L70YKd41RWZCVXxnXGzisfQ3P70cK2e3tCix7juJXt1sfeSZeNQ85YejylKp44RRR5RSD4RMw/w300-h400/Athelhampton%20Gardens%202023%201.jpg" title="Gateway to one of the gardens at Athelhampton (2023)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gateway to one of the gardens at Athelhampton (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilj1K2XmZKeWKG73TpbJ6vJFJyMCJgBq30B2m8fLksfIteMTXapJqR1LdE_sbO7KSK3a92PHoIbg3NMeQeh8iD5zSbO1Ff6lBhMBGs0_phwPxyitcRzngFA4CEGTedP2-H02105WjwWOdO3TFkImG1Zdbnxg0eO1bN8n3Ga0TjPJiihoaAAh_9ZHKnVJc/s3648/Athelhampton%20Gardens%202023%203.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="One of the gardens at Athelhampton (2023)" border="0" data-original-height="2736" data-original-width="3648" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilj1K2XmZKeWKG73TpbJ6vJFJyMCJgBq30B2m8fLksfIteMTXapJqR1LdE_sbO7KSK3a92PHoIbg3NMeQeh8iD5zSbO1Ff6lBhMBGs0_phwPxyitcRzngFA4CEGTedP2-H02105WjwWOdO3TFkImG1Zdbnxg0eO1bN8n3Ga0TjPJiihoaAAh_9ZHKnVJc/w400-h300/Athelhampton%20Gardens%202023%203.jpg" title="One of the gardens at Athelhampton (2023)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of the gardens at Athelhampton (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.athelhampton.com/" target="_blank">Find out about visiting Athelhampton here.</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/09/athelhampton-house-in-dorset-regency.html" target="_blank">You can see what the house was like under the previous ownership on my original blog here.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_vrxop8w90tnw">
</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew. </span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage us and help us to keep making our research freely available, please buy us a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p><p>
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</span></span></p><ol><li><i>Englishman</i>, 18 September 1825.</li></ol>
Photos © Andrew Knowles - RegencyHistory.net<br /><p></p>Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-64052694172784761392023-07-20T14:28:00.003+01:002023-07-20T14:29:04.435+01:00Book review: The Yorkshire Coiners - the true story of the Cragg Vale Gang by Steve Hartley<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8hQqK5jJUxGXmoC_DqEDFQzoLnCRzklnK3krVuFtuLUxrwmSxQuVW3PQU4UbLeB-E6F0iq_IUwcE2JdtgU7V9jeVhEXK1k899Qcv_WqcyV-E4GqEQT7V9mehg1MMb3o97T6YV29EpkqdDaf_7Shn7b-ehMkM6scIrsCJL8mMcBmhIUlieJ_QoEv2xM0A/s2616/The%20Yorkshire%20Coiners%20by%20Steve%20Hartley.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Front cover of The Yorkshire Coiners by Steve Hartley on wooden plate with collection of Georgian coins" border="0" data-original-height="2615" data-original-width="2616" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8hQqK5jJUxGXmoC_DqEDFQzoLnCRzklnK3krVuFtuLUxrwmSxQuVW3PQU4UbLeB-E6F0iq_IUwcE2JdtgU7V9jeVhEXK1k899Qcv_WqcyV-E4GqEQT7V9mehg1MMb3o97T6YV29EpkqdDaf_7Shn7b-ehMkM6scIrsCJL8mMcBmhIUlieJ_QoEv2xM0A/w400-h400/The%20Yorkshire%20Coiners%20by%20Steve%20Hartley.jpg" title="Front cover of The Yorkshire Coiners by Steve Hartley" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">On 9
November 1769, William Dighton was shot and killed in Halifax, Yorkshire. It
was a planned assassination of a Supervisor of Excise—an official responsible
for ensuring the collection of tax.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Dighton was
the victim of the Cragg Vale Gang—criminals who operated what was perhaps
England’s largest clipping and coining operation. That is, they created
counterfeit coins from gold shaved off genuine coins.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Steve
Hartley, author of <i>The Yorkshire Coiners</i> is a descendant of David
Hartley, or ‘King David’, leader of the Cragg Vale Gang. He’s spent years
researching the gang’s activities from various documents and, in his words,
this book:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote>…<i>brings
together the facts from these and other sources and places them in
chronological order, so that the events relating to the Coiners can be seen in
the order they occurred.</i></blockquote></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It’s
important to note these words because this book is very much a reference work.
It’s not an easy-to-read account of the Cragg Vale Gang story.</p>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="_j4t24jtbm2o"></a>What’s in the book </h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It’s a
relatively short (125 pages) book organised into 25 brief chapters. Each
chapter has a narrative that presents facts from original sources, including
local newspapers, letters and court records.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">There are a
number of photographs, such as buildings once lived in by characters featured
in the history, along with portraits and documents.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The author
has strung the sources together into a narrative that’s strictly chronological.
I found there was not much in the way of additional insight or observation,
except in the final chapter, where there’s an attempt to tie up some loose
ends.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Most of the
sources are summarised, with occasional direct quotes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Almost all
the material in the book relates to the activities of the clippers and coiners,
what they got up to, and how they were treated by the law enforcement bodies.</p>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="_eqnzkhppq0m7"></a>What’s not in the
book</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Other than a
few brief descriptions, the book does not go into detail about clipping and
coining, nor about the regional or national context in which the Cragg Vale
Gang operated.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">There’s no
real discussion of the background culture, or explanation of how the gang may
have functioned. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This is
unsurprising, given the book’s focus on describing the contents of primary
sources. However, I would have liked to have read more about the society the
gang was operating in, and their methods. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">How did
coins find their way into the hands of the gang, what did they do with them and
how were the clipped coins, and counterfeits, fed back into circulation? There
are some clues in the book, but these issues aren’t examined. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Nor did I
find any real discussion of the attitudes of society towards the criminals.
Were their crimes considered to be largely victimless and therefore tolerated
by many? Were they respected or feared by their community? </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The book did
not set out to address these issues, so I should not have been disappointed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">However, I
feel the book did not fully live up to its subtitle, <i>The true story of the
Cragg Vale Gang</i>. Yes, it focused on the truth (at least as reported in
newspapers and other documents), but it was not organised in a way to tell a
story. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">There are,
in fact, several stories: the origins of the gang, Dighton’s murder and the
subsequent manhunts, the trials and executions, and the official response,
which went as high as King George III himself.</p>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="_v7sf7wonccdv"></a>A story still
waiting to be told</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Lack of
documentary evidence always limits the historian’s scope for telling a story,
without resorting to embellishing it with fiction. In this book, Steve Hartley
has chosen to stick to the facts as he found them, sharing them in
chronological order.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This book is
a useful resource to anyone researching clipping and coining in the Georgian
era, particularly the Yorkshire gang it describes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">But in my
opinion, an easy-to-read account of the Cragg Vale Gang is still waiting to be
written.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="https://www.amberley-books.com/the-yorkshire-coiners.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i>The Yorkshire Coiners</i> is published by Amberley Books and is available here.<br /></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></p><b></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who wrote this review. </span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
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Andrew Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02866928501693775023noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-50786272229526678152023-04-20T16:12:00.006+01:002023-04-20T16:18:29.246+01:00How Captain Wentworth got rich on prizemoney<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><xml></xml></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Ft2bninqhieoaX96i3Kgm2E6HlHG3kvKMLVZfUBA5CEbmjOVKvtzMKPWKnNgIwyDkV3jiX6P6VZPLmsPML3MepqUbVi4xSV8_tlx3DS06Fkkj45o4fx4argLPlECgXbxc3U_zT9xYMTxQTXt5uOL49FqqYrWLEGlZP2QYDR2aMkCn9SvA9peImnY/s567/Captain%20in%20the%20Navy%20adj.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="A Captain in the Navy from A book explaining the ranks and dignities of British Society by C Lamb (1809)" border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="361" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Ft2bninqhieoaX96i3Kgm2E6HlHG3kvKMLVZfUBA5CEbmjOVKvtzMKPWKnNgIwyDkV3jiX6P6VZPLmsPML3MepqUbVi4xSV8_tlx3DS06Fkkj45o4fx4argLPlECgXbxc3U_zT9xYMTxQTXt5uOL49FqqYrWLEGlZP2QYDR2aMkCn9SvA9peImnY/w255-h400/Captain%20in%20the%20Navy%20adj.png" title="A Captain in the Navy from A book explaining the ranks and dignities of British Society by C Lamb (1809)" width="255" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Captain in the Navy from<br /><i>A book explaining the ranks and dignities<br /> of British Society </i>by C Lamb (1809)</td></tr></tbody></table>You knew your place in Regency
society. Whether you were born into a hovel or a grand house, you were likely
to end your life in a similar situation. Changing your rank in a society
governed by rigid rules of precedence was highly unusual. When it happened, it
was normally through unconventional means.</div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Unless you were an officer in
the Royal Navy. Through Captain Wentworth, Jane Austen’s fictional hero in her
novel <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Persuasion</i>, we glimpse a
long-established and accepted practice that allowed young men to usurp the
usual rules of birth and rank. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">That practice was the Royal
Navy tradition of prizemoney. It allowed men to acquire huge sums of money
relatively quickly, and entirely legitimately. With that money came prestige
and power.</p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Breaking
through the ranks of Regency society</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p>Sir Walter Elliot, father of
Austen’s heroine in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Persuasion</i>, and a
committed believer in the principle of rank being fixed by birth, had two
complaints about the Navy: <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">First, as being the means of bringing persons of obscure birth into
undue distinction, and raising men to honours which their fathers and
grandfathers never dreamt of; and secondly, as it cuts up a man’s youth and
vigour most horribly.</i><sub>1</sub></blockquote></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">His second complaint had some
merit. Life at sea was dirty, dangerous and often disfiguring, as demonstrated
by <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2017/03/the-life-and-career-of-horatio-nelson.html" target="_blank">Lord Horatio Nelson</a>, who lost an arm and an eye in battle. But many men
risked the perils of life at sea, because it might bring them those <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">honours which their fathers and grandfathers
never dreamt of</i>. These honours included cash prizes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The many wars against France
meant Jane Austen’s lifetime was a particularly rich period for Royal Navy
prize captures. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy1L1NpM3O-nhO4lTXl7s4M_bTf_04XICLte72AnQZQ7oetWBuY0sCnnHEW0ouI2I-qOci-YgemN_gpuASCM4cFOgm7u7jbE4aHQt1b35LMwhXJ772wl-FFQRAoMJ-yCajxU61d69ZqF2d5yexpwGAJvtdf3YFanEMHbms8vEaoNxL3JGvthQHwetY/s721/Old%20Sir%20Archibald%20Drew%20and%20his%20grandson%20-%20Persuasion%20Hugh%20Thomson%201897adj.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Old Sir Archibald Drew and his grandson by H Thomson (1897) From Persuasion by Jane Austen (1897 edition)" border="0" data-original-height="721" data-original-width="421" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy1L1NpM3O-nhO4lTXl7s4M_bTf_04XICLte72AnQZQ7oetWBuY0sCnnHEW0ouI2I-qOci-YgemN_gpuASCM4cFOgm7u7jbE4aHQt1b35LMwhXJ772wl-FFQRAoMJ-yCajxU61d69ZqF2d5yexpwGAJvtdf3YFanEMHbms8vEaoNxL3JGvthQHwetY/w234-h400/Old%20Sir%20Archibald%20Drew%20and%20his%20grandson%20-%20Persuasion%20Hugh%20Thomson%201897adj.png" title="Old Sir Archibald Drew and his grandson by H Thomson (1897) From Persuasion by Jane Austen (1897 edition)" width="234" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Old Sir Archibald Drew and his grandson <br /></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">by H Thomson (1897) <br />From <i>Persuasion</i> by Jane Austen (1897 edition)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">A naval
career for ‘persons of obscure birth’</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Unlike the army, a naval
officer could not purchase a commission. They had to start at the bottom of the
officer hierarchy, and they had to start young.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Jane Austen doesn’t tell us
when Wentworth joined the Navy, but we should assume he was in his early teens,
perhaps younger. Two of Jane’s brothers joined the Navy, Francis and Charles,
beginning their careers aged about 12. Horatio Nelson also joined at 12. Most
officers joined no later than age 13. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Austens, Nelson and many
others were born into large middle-class families of no particular distinction,
and no great income. They were ‘persons of obscure birth’ who needed to become
self-sufficient as soon as possible. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Navy attracted many such
men, or rather, boys. Through connections, of family or friendship, they were
taken on board ship as a captain’s servant or midshipman. This secured their
spot on the lowest rungs of the Navy career ladder. It also entitled them to a
share of prizemoney. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">We can assume Wentworth’s
family background was not dissimilar to that of Jane and her siblings.
Frederick Wentworth has a brother who is a curate—again the lowest rung on a
career ladder. The implication is that their family is middle-class—perhaps
their father was a churchman like Jane Austen’s.</p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">No prizes for
a captain without a ship</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt_NepxJK3yDwvNXNBaA2sHn1o7SMKMN1SLJ51JEdGa1949gpGKQ7aSVENtILNWf7lPUOAs5GZYKeeCY0Oww1kT1daZjb6ypIKHjYEvNpVBSqFz_HkvluPeYotE-CHSzI0ccGkusaNySfAXO0XfO6gFsInzyYCgQTFeIN4Sl9MNhO_Aw6rHOEEWVQL/s4402/HMS%20St%20Vincent%201815%20Portsmouth%20Harbour%20by%20Charles%20Edward%20Dixon%20%20via%20Flkr.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="HMS St Vincent 1815 Portsmouth Harbour by Charles Edward Dixon (1872-1934)" border="0" data-original-height="2960" data-original-width="4402" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt_NepxJK3yDwvNXNBaA2sHn1o7SMKMN1SLJ51JEdGa1949gpGKQ7aSVENtILNWf7lPUOAs5GZYKeeCY0Oww1kT1daZjb6ypIKHjYEvNpVBSqFz_HkvluPeYotE-CHSzI0ccGkusaNySfAXO0XfO6gFsInzyYCgQTFeIN4Sl9MNhO_Aw6rHOEEWVQL/w400-h269/HMS%20St%20Vincent%201815%20Portsmouth%20Harbour%20by%20Charles%20Edward%20Dixon%20%20via%20Flkr.jpg" title="HMS St Vincent 1815 Portsmouth Harbour by Charles Edward Dixon (1872-1934)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>HMS St Vincent 1815 Portsmouth Harbour </i><br />by Charles Edward Dixon (1872-1934)</td></tr></tbody></table>According to Jane Austen, in
1806 the newly-appointed Captain Wentworth is in Somersetshire, without a ship.
Here he falls in love with and proposes to Anne Elliot.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Her father considers the match “degrading”.
Her friend, Lady Russell, thinks it “most unfortunate”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Part of the reason, Jane tells
us, is that:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Captain Wentworth had no fortune. He had been lucky in his profession;
but spending freely, what had come freely, had realised nothing.</i></blockquote></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Wentworth is 23 years old and
has been in the Navy for around a decade. To become a captain he’s risen from
being a cabin boy or midshipman, through to lieutenant and then to captain.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Through all those ranks he was
entitled to receive prizemoney. He’s been lucky, implying he’s enjoyed success
in naval actions, in making good connections and with earning money.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">He’s also been spending freely.
As a result, in 1806 the captain has no ship, no fortune and therefore, no Anne
Elliot. </p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">How the prizemoney
system worked</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">For hundreds of years it had
been customary for sailors to be given a share of the value of a captured ship.
The ship and its cargo were sold, and the cash shared out.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The prizemoney was split across
all the ships at the scene of the action. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This process was enshrined in
English law through various acts of Parliament. When Wentworth joined the Navy
in around 1796, the rules of the prize allocation had been in place for almost
one hundred years. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Allocation was based on
dividing the total value of a prize by eight. Two eighths were shared between
all the seamen, that is, the lowest ranks on a ship. However, as there were
perhaps two or three hundred men, the amount each man received was small. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">As a midshipman and then a
lieutenant, Wentworth would have done better. Both these ranks had a share of
one eighth of the prize value. There being less officers at these ranks, his
individual share would have been greater. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Let’s turn that into numbers. The
average value of a prize was around £2,300. One eighth of this is £288. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Captains made the most money
from the prize system. A captain was entitled to at least two eighths of a
prize, perhaps more depending on the circumstances. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">So while the £288 was shared
between all the lieutenants and others of equal rank, the captain’s share was
at least double that—£576. Remember that if more than one ship was at the
scene, this would be shared between all the captains. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It could take months, even many
years, before prizemoney was finally agreed. Then it was paid in the form of a
promissory note. Lower ranks often sold this at a discount, in order to get
cash.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Jane Austen implies that
Captain Wentworth did well in his first decade in the Navy, including
financially. Unfortunately, he spent as much as he earned. As such, his rank in
the Navy meant little to the likes of Sir Walter Elliot. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">At this stage in his career,
Captain Wentworth:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">…had nothing but himself to recommend him, and no hopes of attaining
affluence, but in the chances of a most uncertain profession, and no connexions
to secure even his farther rise in the profession.</i></blockquote></div><p></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Becoming the
gallant Captain Wentworth</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUhRSKxkUPMHWXsRR52SF8Ck6ly11H486bVyOF7ird7wrTSMLfRCDklBa0diCIFQ_toyIS629-KG3ggPjX7Otmw51Z3qYtzqUrlbjNgRJO4khO3U1mbUy3Wru63xpVBOh2pUkH2cOO9mvRHEc2bxILilqwkM2TbzaxEiTpHCkdP_C3EshmSx-BDV0j/s5394/Sloop%20USS%20Peacock%20capturing%20British%20brig%20Nautilus%20June%201815%20via%20Flkr.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sloop USS Peacock capturing British brig Nautilus June 1815" border="0" data-original-height="3324" data-original-width="5394" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUhRSKxkUPMHWXsRR52SF8Ck6ly11H486bVyOF7ird7wrTSMLfRCDklBa0diCIFQ_toyIS629-KG3ggPjX7Otmw51Z3qYtzqUrlbjNgRJO4khO3U1mbUy3Wru63xpVBOh2pUkH2cOO9mvRHEc2bxILilqwkM2TbzaxEiTpHCkdP_C3EshmSx-BDV0j/w400-h246/Sloop%20USS%20Peacock%20capturing%20British%20brig%20Nautilus%20June%201815%20via%20Flkr.jpg" title="Sloop USS Peacock capturing British brig Nautilus June 1815" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sloop USS <i>Peacock</i> capturing British brig <i>Nautilus</i> June 1815 <br /></td></tr></tbody></table>By the time Captain Wentworth returns
to England in 1814, he has amassed a fortune of £25,000—more than enough to
impress Sir Walter Elliot. <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">How did he improve his
financial situation so dramatically? Through prizemoney. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">On leaving Somersetshire in
1806 he got command of the <i>Asp</i>, a sloop based in the West Indies. A
sloop is a small ship, often with a crew of less than 50. Despite its size,
Wentworth was able to take “privateers enough to be very entertaining”, meaning
he captured a number of enemy ships. Each capture brought him prizemoney.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">His next command was the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Laconia:</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i></p><blockquote><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“How fast I made money in her. A friend of mine and I had such a lovely
cruise together off the Western Islands.”</i></blockquote><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">A year later saw Wentworth
cruising in the Mediterranean “when I still had the same luck”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It took Captain Wentworth just
seven years to convert his fortunes. Penniless in late 1806, he returned to
Somersetshire in 1814 a very wealthy, and eligible, man. Most, if not all, of
that money came from naval prizes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The majority of naval captains
could expect to earn a little over £300 a year. On average, they could expect
to earn several times that amount in addition through prizemoney, every year.
Jane Austen implies that Wentworth’s earnings were above what many of his
contemporaries enjoyed—after all, he enjoyed a fair amount of luck.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">And, of course, he won the
greatest prize of them all—Anne Elliot.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghV1cfkGznXF5Csys6EEE4cLHMXIv1uRKIPjTJcrHk6Wj70rU4YaTwLcKJkENsYKOe7Aq7OPuc7Gn7Mxaqv7qq96-MYWz3xH1TDYohlh2yJEDW9_Nc4jKtC56Lh46a_QkZO2vnWyJ-REpUZa2lWWNihXL7llyGnHQDZjTWahmRHqyQ1xMm8vq8_Hqv/s661/The%20letter%20-%20Persuasion%20Hugh%20Thomson%201897%20PNG.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Captain Wentworth leaves a letter for Anne by H Thomson (1897) From Persuasion by Jane Austen (1897 edition)" border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="605" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghV1cfkGznXF5Csys6EEE4cLHMXIv1uRKIPjTJcrHk6Wj70rU4YaTwLcKJkENsYKOe7Aq7OPuc7Gn7Mxaqv7qq96-MYWz3xH1TDYohlh2yJEDW9_Nc4jKtC56Lh46a_QkZO2vnWyJ-REpUZa2lWWNihXL7llyGnHQDZjTWahmRHqyQ1xMm8vq8_Hqv/w366-h400/The%20letter%20-%20Persuasion%20Hugh%20Thomson%201897%20PNG.png" title="Captain Wentworth leaves a letter for Anne by H Thomson (1897) From Persuasion by Jane Austen (1897 edition)" width="366" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Captain Wentworth leaves a letter for Anne <br /></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">by H Thomson (1897) <br />From <i>Persuasion</i> by Jane Austen (1897 edition)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who wrote this blog.<br /></span></span></div><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt;">Note</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1. All quotes from Austen, Jane, <i>Persuasion</i> (1817).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt;">Sources used include:</p><div style="text-align: justify;">
Austen, Jane, <i>Persuasion</i> (1817)<br />
Benjamin, Daniel K, <i>Golden Harvest: The British Naval Prize
System 1793-1815</i> (2009)<br />
Lavery, Brian, <i>Nelson's Navy </i>(1989)<br /></div><div>
<p></p></div>Andrew Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02866928501693775023noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-40257991034237115612023-03-17T17:11:00.000+00:002023-03-17T17:11:24.421+00:00A quick guide to the Napoleonic Wars and the Great War against France (1792-1815)<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOaNZscY0auJ2Nn-1obPl_f1cIyCTQBzWaRV4zQPAt5jHTnWpsu3Mqra_MIX-z2W0-t7LEngxZlSEW3LSlSTUaGgwoqv6AhZ9p6DTPut_aGa-NeJHldyaKThH4B1_G0502z6M45JEZlKzVsDiM0DkNH6FlDXY15TXVFWydZ6-72_cxDCIABTfy1n_0/s1440/The%20wars%20of%20Wellington,%20a%20narrative%20poem%20-%20the%20battle%20of%20Waterloo%20by%20Dr%20Syntax%20illus%20WHeath%20and%20JCStadler%201819%20b.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Battle of Waterloo in The wars of Wellington, a narrative poem by Dr Syntax illustrated by W Heath and JC Stadler (1819)" border="0" data-original-height="1104" data-original-width="1440" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOaNZscY0auJ2Nn-1obPl_f1cIyCTQBzWaRV4zQPAt5jHTnWpsu3Mqra_MIX-z2W0-t7LEngxZlSEW3LSlSTUaGgwoqv6AhZ9p6DTPut_aGa-NeJHldyaKThH4B1_G0502z6M45JEZlKzVsDiM0DkNH6FlDXY15TXVFWydZ6-72_cxDCIABTfy1n_0/w400-h306/The%20wars%20of%20Wellington,%20a%20narrative%20poem%20-%20the%20battle%20of%20Waterloo%20by%20Dr%20Syntax%20illus%20WHeath%20and%20JCStadler%201819%20b.jpg" title="The Battle of Waterloo in The wars of Wellington, a narrative poem by Dr Syntax illustrated by W Heath and JC Stadler (1819)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Battle of Waterloo in <i>The wars of Wellington</i>, a narrative poem<br />
by Dr Syntax illustrated by W Heath and JC Stadler (1819)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Rachel writes: I don’t do
military history, but as a Regency romance author, it’s impossible to ignore
the war with France that raged during the opening years of the 19<sup>th</sup>
century. If I want to make a soldier the hero of a Regency romance, I can’t
afford to be completely ignorant about the Napoleonic Wars or was it the
Peninsular War or the War of the Something-or-other Coalition…?
</div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">I confess to have got somewhat
confused about the war with France, and in the name of historical accuracy, I
would at least like to try to refer to the war correctly in my novels.
Fortunately, my husband does like military history, and as he has a better
understanding of the Great War with France, he wrote this blog to help me understand
it. I thought others might find it helpful too.</p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Great War against France</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It’s really easy to get
confused about the various wars with France that raged outside Regency-era England.
It’s also easy to make silly mistakes in your writing, by using the wrong names
for the various wars, campaigns and even battles.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This guide should help you make
more sense of what was going on where, and what to call it.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_heading=h.30j0zll"></a>Britain<sub>1</sub>
was at war with France for around 23 years—almost a quarter of a century.
That’s most of Jane Austen’s adult life, from when she was a teenager to just two
years before she died.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">When people talk about the ‘war
with France’ at this time, they could mean one of several different wars. They
were all sparked by the French Revolution in 1789.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhirV_6ubYzrLyfB096iYT733Js5HNmx3sFYO-2QJ2u86FGzFMPo8PezSqmkkC0N4hYxNLFeYdqfDcdnVV5955JMguPQJZQyjZgUsKrW8QK8_pxB-0Lp-lLnJsCVhJRYUdTKwFx1IS6Zub0rJKfamdyCiGY-JDbjuQUVqUoj_DLOV8Zjk-MsBFdU83w/s716/Napoleon%20from%20The%20Life%20of%20Napoleon,%20Emperor%20of%20the%20French%20with%20a%20preliminary%20view%20of%20the%20French%20revolution%20by%20Sir%20Walter%20Scott%201871%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="605" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhirV_6ubYzrLyfB096iYT733Js5HNmx3sFYO-2QJ2u86FGzFMPo8PezSqmkkC0N4hYxNLFeYdqfDcdnVV5955JMguPQJZQyjZgUsKrW8QK8_pxB-0Lp-lLnJsCVhJRYUdTKwFx1IS6Zub0rJKfamdyCiGY-JDbjuQUVqUoj_DLOV8Zjk-MsBFdU83w/s320/Napoleon%20from%20The%20Life%20of%20Napoleon,%20Emperor%20of%20the%20French%20with%20a%20preliminary%20view%20of%20the%20French%20revolution%20by%20Sir%20Walter%20Scott%201871%20png.png" width="270" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Napoleon Bonaparte from <i>The Life of Napoleon, <br />Emperor of the Frenc</i>h by Sir Walter Scott (1871)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Coalition
Wars</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The French Revolution shocked
the rulers of other European countries. Relations between the revolutionaries
in France and their neighbours broke down, initiating the first of several
wars.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The first two Coalition Wars
are also known as the French Revolutionary wars, because France was under a
revolutionary government. The later Coalition Wars are part of the Napoleonic
wars, because Napoleon Bonaparte governed France. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Coalition, meaning temporary
alliance, is the name given to these. That’s because each war involved an
alliance of different European nations.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4b2W4nnCCY1BVlZTSKRbncRVLN0KNiHCvrYb5RUAk4MD36NFLruZOAiy-fLDfiimrlmBLzGvBj2jfskZWxO-AfsUJjIZjogKJYvh-vt1PWXEz56mnNBEc1ctLW-5T4rn1qnIRy7CknpE_1epjfDDz-61rWM_ABLpVpbjBFVgGTmbfGcfoky3QMQsS/s727/Admiral%20Lord%20Nelson%20after%20painting%20by%20John%20Hoppner%20in%20Miller's%20ed%20of%20Southey's%20Life%201896.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Admiral Lord Nelson after the painting by John Hoppner in Miller's edition of Robert Southey's Life of Nelson (1896)" border="0" data-original-height="727" data-original-width="593" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4b2W4nnCCY1BVlZTSKRbncRVLN0KNiHCvrYb5RUAk4MD36NFLruZOAiy-fLDfiimrlmBLzGvBj2jfskZWxO-AfsUJjIZjogKJYvh-vt1PWXEz56mnNBEc1ctLW-5T4rn1qnIRy7CknpE_1epjfDDz-61rWM_ABLpVpbjBFVgGTmbfGcfoky3QMQsS/w326-h400/Admiral%20Lord%20Nelson%20after%20painting%20by%20John%20Hoppner%20in%20Miller's%20ed%20of%20Southey's%20Life%201896.jpg" title="Admiral Lord Nelson after the painting by John Hoppner in Miller's edition of Robert Southey's Life of Nelson (1896)" width="326" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Admiral Lord Nelson after the painting by John Hoppner<br />
in Miller's edition of <i>Robert Southey's Life of Nelson</i> (1896)</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The French Revolutionary
Wars</h3>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">War of the First Coalition 1792–1797</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">France declared war on Austria
in April 1792, and then on Britain and the Netherlands in February 1793. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Britain, the Netherlands, Spain,
Prussia, the Holy Roman Empire (much of central Europe) and various smaller
nations formed an alliance against France. Over time, different nations dropped
out, making their own peace deals with France. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">France captured the Netherlands
and turned it into the Batavian Republic. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It included the only battle of
the Revolutionary Wars fought in Britain, near Fishguard in Wales, where a
small French invasion force was quickly defeated 22–24 February 1797.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The war ended in October 1797,
although Britain did not make a peace treaty.</p>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">War of the
Second Coalition 1798–1802</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Britain, Russia, Portugal, the
Holy Roman and Ottoman Empires, with other smaller countries, again took on
France in a series of campaigns all over the continent, and in Egypt.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This war saw <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2017/03/the-life-and-career-of-horatio-nelson.html" target="_blank">Nelson</a> defeat a
French fleet at the Battle of the Nile, on 1–2 August 1798.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Gih20kXZSDlKFxIoVASTxD54biDgrBxDeR5LzIl4uee-bq5eHhzS9UATYzAEMxh6L2cLOHmhy0cVtQE7AJpThWkXvM9P7SE6qzF4K4nHYy-ISZp7KNC101QbsjEG_VC4p-zn-KgdhFIkFkpszBVVfo5D24dfl2Df4AVx3SIm_EotGDbo06v0ApzE/s837/The%20Battle%20of%20the%20Nile%201798%20from%20Horatio%20Nelson%20by%20Clark%201890%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Battle of the Nile from Horatio Nelson and the Naval Supremacy of England by W Clark (1890)" border="0" data-original-height="503" data-original-width="837" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Gih20kXZSDlKFxIoVASTxD54biDgrBxDeR5LzIl4uee-bq5eHhzS9UATYzAEMxh6L2cLOHmhy0cVtQE7AJpThWkXvM9P7SE6qzF4K4nHYy-ISZp7KNC101QbsjEG_VC4p-zn-KgdhFIkFkpszBVVfo5D24dfl2Df4AVx3SIm_EotGDbo06v0ApzE/w400-h240/The%20Battle%20of%20the%20Nile%201798%20from%20Horatio%20Nelson%20by%20Clark%201890%20png.png" title="The Battle of the Nile from Horatio Nelson and the Naval Supremacy of England by W Clark (1890)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Battle of the Nile from <i>Horatio Nelson and </i><br />
<i>the Naval Supremacy of England </i>by W Clark (1890)</td></tr></tbody></table>Again, countries made their own
peace with the French. Britain signed a peace treaty on 25 March 1802—the
Treaty of Amiens.<p></p>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">End of the
French Revolutionary Wars</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The peace of March 1802
initiated the longest period of peace during the long years of war with France.
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It also marks the end of the
French Revolutionary wars. In 1799 Napoleon had effectively become ruler of
France. In 1802 he became ruler for life, and in 1804 he crowned himself
Emperor of France.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The peace lasted just 14 months,
with Britain declaring war on France in May 1803. Britain faced France alone
from 1803 to 1805, during which time the French threatened to launch an
invasion.</p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Napoleonic
Wars</h3>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">War of the Third Coalition 1805–1806</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Britain, Russia, Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire, plus
smaller states, allied against France. This war includes the Battle of
Trafalgar on 21 October 1805, where <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2017/03/the-life-and-career-of-horatio-nelson.html" target="_blank">Nelson</a> defeated a French and Spanish fleet.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTMHxRGW2trUQLyKlMO0qx4F8dxAqiDM62KGQvmpP5r_GwIVSts9Xhhjgb5Bk_OimN34wvTpWeaWvkiu1wbc65ymSYM7hgXGaQWazYaBu-dhRQts6AhaAtB_24RPyxeHNwxhQaBKg_FBKL_nApC8tAW9YKVZpHfPmxwqearHJl_V3rYVM6hpbk3JkC/s839/The%20Battle%20of%20Trafalgar%201805%20%20from%20Horatio%20Nelson%20by%20Clark%201890adj.tif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Battle of Trafalgar from Horatio Nelson and the Naval Supremacy of England by W Clark (1890)" border="0" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="839" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTMHxRGW2trUQLyKlMO0qx4F8dxAqiDM62KGQvmpP5r_GwIVSts9Xhhjgb5Bk_OimN34wvTpWeaWvkiu1wbc65ymSYM7hgXGaQWazYaBu-dhRQts6AhaAtB_24RPyxeHNwxhQaBKg_FBKL_nApC8tAW9YKVZpHfPmxwqearHJl_V3rYVM6hpbk3JkC/w400-h239/The%20Battle%20of%20Trafalgar%201805%20%20from%20Horatio%20Nelson%20by%20Clark%201890adj.tif" title="The Battle of Trafalgar from Horatio Nelson and the Naval Supremacy of England by W Clark (1890)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Battle of Trafalgar from <i>Horatio Nelson and the </i><br />
<i>Naval Supremacy of England </i>by W Clark (1890)</td></tr></tbody></table>Just a few weeks later, on 2 December 1805, Napoleon crushed
the armies of the Emperors of Russia and Austria at the battle of Austerlitz.
The war effectively ended, although there was no peace agreement with Britain
or Russia.<p></p>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">War of the
Fourth Coalition 1806–1807</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Britain, Prussia, Russia,
Saxony and Sweden again allied themselves against France. French military
successes soon reduced the alliance to Britain and Sweden. Russia swapped
sides, declaring war on Britain.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">With most of Europe under his
control, Napoleon turned his eyes to Portugal, still an ally with Britain. In
late 1807 he sent an army to capture its ports, thereby initiating the
Peninsular Wars. These are separate from the Coalition Wars.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQHGNDQRIZIi67VQ9MJog3200Xg4dE6tcGsILjiwTVx9L_XyXabZk5jpae8hNU5-H9gYzaCL-WKDXDPjpCB1pGPlyZ8Yc6z31lHVwNCly-cJCAfQEuUr948xsnGOLszWyp9-QkPhNDU23sd6FpwBmKNgkJOn09OfHkcr_fxK2kCjLtV1We-s7V5phS/s807/Napoleon%20at%20Arcole%20from%20The%20Life%20of%20NBonaparte%20by%20WSloane%201896%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Napoleon Bonaparte from The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte by W Sloane (1896)" border="0" data-original-height="807" data-original-width="639" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQHGNDQRIZIi67VQ9MJog3200Xg4dE6tcGsILjiwTVx9L_XyXabZk5jpae8hNU5-H9gYzaCL-WKDXDPjpCB1pGPlyZ8Yc6z31lHVwNCly-cJCAfQEuUr948xsnGOLszWyp9-QkPhNDU23sd6FpwBmKNgkJOn09OfHkcr_fxK2kCjLtV1We-s7V5phS/w316-h400/Napoleon%20at%20Arcole%20from%20The%20Life%20of%20NBonaparte%20by%20WSloane%201896%20png.png" title="Napoleon Bonaparte from The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte by W Sloane (1896)" width="316" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Napoleon Bonaparte from <i>The Life of <br />Napoleon Bonaparte</i> by W Sloane (1896)</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">War of the
Fifth Coalition 1809</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Britain, Austria, Sardinia and
Sicily joined forces, with Austria fighting back after its huge defeat at
Austerlitz. This war saw the British launch the Walcheren campaign, in an
attempt to support the Austrians by invading the Netherlands. It failed and the
war ended with Austria’s defeat at Wagram.</p>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">War of the
Sixth Coalition 1813–1814</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Britain, Prussia, Austria,
Russia, Spain, Portugal, Sweden and other smaller states formed an alliance
that defeated Napoleon.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The allies took advantage of
France being weakened by the failed invasion of Russia in 1812 and the ongoing
Peninsular Wars.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The allies captured Paris on 31
March 1814 and Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of Elba.</p>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">War of the Seventh Coalition 1815</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Also known as the Hundred Days,
this was the final campaign of the Napoleonic Wars, prompted by Napoleon’s
escape from exile on Elba in February 1815. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It led to Napoleon being
defeated at <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2015/06/waterloo-part-3-18-june-1815.html" target="_blank">the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and surrendering himself soon after, on 15
July 1815. He was sent into exile on the remote island of St Helena.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLoCtqJe5oNUE_KY8WFdedaM3LkCXpaMVcmgEKMpqn0E2hCBm9afRbB_jiwR3oISwEEutRbLbJa5V9ijoSWpXcUEIK5CxmykhNO6nIhzfIRN3ViLqAL7E-LHw3KrPAsU54R4V55-m8uLSmXhr08bwDQ9QNjvKVJPzZpT2BuJa5kOZK4l-ukZR3C9g3/s1803/The%20Battle%20of%20Waterloo%20from%20Historic,%20military%20and%20naval%20anecdotes%20of%20partic%20incidents%20by%20Edward%20Orme%201819%20illust%20JAAtkinson%20b.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Battle of Waterloo from Historic, military and naval anecdotes of particular incidents by E Orme & illustrated by JA Atkinson (1819)" border="0" data-original-height="1233" data-original-width="1803" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLoCtqJe5oNUE_KY8WFdedaM3LkCXpaMVcmgEKMpqn0E2hCBm9afRbB_jiwR3oISwEEutRbLbJa5V9ijoSWpXcUEIK5CxmykhNO6nIhzfIRN3ViLqAL7E-LHw3KrPAsU54R4V55-m8uLSmXhr08bwDQ9QNjvKVJPzZpT2BuJa5kOZK4l-ukZR3C9g3/w400-h274/The%20Battle%20of%20Waterloo%20from%20Historic,%20military%20and%20naval%20anecdotes%20of%20partic%20incidents%20by%20Edward%20Orme%201819%20illust%20JAAtkinson%20b.jpg" title="The Battle of Waterloo from Historic, military and naval anecdotes of particular incidents by E Orme & illustrated by JA Atkinson (1819)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Battle of Waterloo from <i>Historic, military and naval anecdotes</i><br />
<i>of particular incidents </i>by E Orme & illustrated by JA Atkinson (1819)</td></tr></tbody></table>A huge number of nations allied
against France, including Britain, Prussia, Austria, the Netherlands, Russia,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.<p></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The
Peninsular War 1807–1814</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This war overlapped with the
fifth and sixth Coalition Wars. It saw Britain and Portugal, and later Spain,
taking on the French. The name comes from its location on the Iberian
Peninsula.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This war began with the Corunna
campaign, with the British being driven out of Spain in early 1808. However,
under <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2015/06/arthur-wellesley-1st-duke-of-wellington.html" target="_blank">Arthur Wellesley, later 1<sup>st</sup> Duke of Wellington</a>, the British
soon returned to Portugal. They launched a series of campaigns that eventually
drove the French back to their own country.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNnL7ovYQNbpwxrQMekC0CEerpZrBfpuhMvmIc4-iwv01EWcI3E3RR-rD80YjMoDp7HDvPmjQDG1pyXJI3QHrmvF5msHLZUz0HocEw4l4bvli_Kgv2aeUUwRTRcLs3n-11hC9gM1XOtrV8m9f8XiCy7zYjXySg6SDZ9Z_eDeElnudWIrGq9RwVgZf9/s2947/Duke%20of%20Wellington%20from%20own%20print%20-%20Moiree%20pattern%20adj.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington © Rachel Knowles - own collection" border="0" data-original-height="2947" data-original-width="2338" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNnL7ovYQNbpwxrQMekC0CEerpZrBfpuhMvmIc4-iwv01EWcI3E3RR-rD80YjMoDp7HDvPmjQDG1pyXJI3QHrmvF5msHLZUz0HocEw4l4bvli_Kgv2aeUUwRTRcLs3n-11hC9gM1XOtrV8m9f8XiCy7zYjXySg6SDZ9Z_eDeElnudWIrGq9RwVgZf9/w318-h400/Duke%20of%20Wellington%20from%20own%20print%20-%20Moiree%20pattern%20adj.jpg" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington © Rachel Knowles - own collection" width="318" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington<br />
© Rachel Knowles - own collection</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The French
invasion of Russia 1812</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The peace made between France
and Russia in 1807, after the War of the Fourth Coalition, was breaking down.
Napoleon launched a massive invasion of Russia, but it failed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This war has other names.
Napoleon himself called it the Second Polish War.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The failure of the invasion,
and the decimation of the French army, helped encourage the formation of
another alliance against France, leading to the War of the Sixth Coalition.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who has written this post.<br /></span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage us and help us to keep making our research freely available, please buy us a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Note</p>
<ol>
<li> I have used the term Britain throughout for simplicity. Until 1801, Britain was known as the Kingdom of Great Britain. From 1801 onwards, Ireland joined the union and Britain became known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.</li></ol>Andrew Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02866928501693775023noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-58528410703878349372023-03-17T15:35:00.004+00:002023-03-18T16:11:17.854+00:00Everyday Life in Victorian London by Helen Amy - book review<div><p style="text-align: justify;">
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH8HM03zLWqJZimqD3N1QAD69z7-IbFesa4PGsFsbrVrR1aHQl-aF0Z_ws9TlGcjHyeREn1wbXK9uakJjTONCRE-M8jtVS2_vpeq1yzDu7yzJjLBOhwqtwrCc_TsXr0cj2GyILME9jve2TRwiE7DM5i1gFfgdKLJKiq20sxQxpbXpDDF_QPTikrSL0/s2513/Everyday%20Life%20in%20Victorian%20London%202.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Front cover of Everyday Life in Victorian London by Helen Amy with map of London background" border="0" data-original-height="2512" data-original-width="2513" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH8HM03zLWqJZimqD3N1QAD69z7-IbFesa4PGsFsbrVrR1aHQl-aF0Z_ws9TlGcjHyeREn1wbXK9uakJjTONCRE-M8jtVS2_vpeq1yzDu7yzJjLBOhwqtwrCc_TsXr0cj2GyILME9jve2TRwiE7DM5i1gFfgdKLJKiq20sxQxpbXpDDF_QPTikrSL0/w400-h400/Everyday%20Life%20in%20Victorian%20London%202.png" title="Front cover of Everyday Life in Victorian London by Helen Amy" width="400" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Rachel writes: Although not Regency, it’s helpful to know something about the periods immediately before and after. This book takes a look at everyday life in London in the Victorian era, which started in 1837. </div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Andrew's review: <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It’s tricky to write a book
about everyday life in Victorian London, the city that became the capital of a
global empire. That’s because there is no such place as Victorian London. The
London of 1837, when Victoria ascended the throne, was very different to that
of 1901, when she died. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">During the 64 years of
the queen’s reign, the city witnessed massive changes—in size, in wealth and in
technology. Transport was just one area that bore witness to these advances.
Trains, a novelty in 1837, were commonplace by 1901, when motorcars were making
their first appearance on London streets.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Attempting to describe the
everyday life of London during this era of momentous change is a major
undertaking, even before taking into account the many different strata in
London society. Author Helen Amy attempts the challenge in just 250 pages. The
result is a series of snapshots, rather than a comprehensive treatment of the
subject.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The book is divided into
sections that describe different aspects of London life. Individual chapter
cover subjects such as:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Housing</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Education</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>The Great Exhibition</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Religion</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Crime</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Each chapter is broken into
sections. For example, the chapter on education describes a number of specific
schools and colleges, the educational opportunities for the poor, and public
libraries. Most sections are relatively short, giving highlights with limited
detail.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">I found that most of the
subjects covered in the book were very practical. They related to aspects of
life such as homes, schools, shops and entertainment. There’s very little about
politics or the matters that might have occupied the everyday conversation,
particularly among the reasonably well educated middle classes. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The author makes frequent
reference to the sources of information used in the book, and I was pleased to
see that she often quotes original reports and journals. These first-hand
accounts, the voices of Victorian Londoners, help bring the history to life.
We’re permitted to glimpse London as it was in the second half of the 1800s,
through the eyes of those who lived there.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Some are observers, often
reporting on the plight of the less fortunate. The section on street children
allows us to hear from people such as Charles Dickens, who had genuine concern
for those living on the margins of society. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyECuJildkDbr2Nyv1h9x61uV08syzAEEUthnhWWzv9QyUa-7Cb0e0MYvmvp9XWMn9YW3VFHMQLItPAGXXWQYUvLv_kSMgQaIi-J5rp7O0IJ-ZDq_4mHX49_7L6OungmJq0Z7VA_MTNlKCNgZ1-bY8_CYiHqXosfG_KaYVjwt65tGPRNTAvLbZCxpA/s576/Charles%20Dickens%20from%20The%20Life%20of%20Charles%20Dickens%20by%20John%20Forster%201872.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Charles Dickens from The Life of Charles Dickens by John Forster (1872)" border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="446" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyECuJildkDbr2Nyv1h9x61uV08syzAEEUthnhWWzv9QyUa-7Cb0e0MYvmvp9XWMn9YW3VFHMQLItPAGXXWQYUvLv_kSMgQaIi-J5rp7O0IJ-ZDq_4mHX49_7L6OungmJq0Z7VA_MTNlKCNgZ1-bY8_CYiHqXosfG_KaYVjwt65tGPRNTAvLbZCxpA/w248-h320/Charles%20Dickens%20from%20The%20Life%20of%20Charles%20Dickens%20by%20John%20Forster%201872.jpg" title="Charles Dickens from The Life of Charles Dickens by John Forster (1872)" width="248" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Dickens from <i>The Life of <br />Charles Dickens</i> by John Forster (1872)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">An example of someone living an
‘everyday life’ is Hannah Cullwick, a maid-of-all-work in a household in
Kilburn. An extract from her diary recounts, in detail, the many tasks she had
to undertake each day: </div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Opened the shutters and lighted the kitchen fire - shook my sooty
things in the dusthole and emptied the soot there, swept and dusted the rooms
and the hall, laid the cloth and got breakfast up - cleaned two pairs of boots,
made the beds and emptied the slops…</i><sub>1</sub></blockquote></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Unfortunately, no dates are
given, so we can’t tell which period of the Victorian era it relates to. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">While I know London reasonably
well, I would have preferred the book to include at least one map. At the very
least, this would have helped illustrate the change in size during the
Victorian period. I think it would also have been useful to readers unfamiliar
with the sprawling geography of the city.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">I was pleased to see a number
of illustrations, showing different aspects of the everyday London life that
the book describes. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">My opinion is that this book
could be useful to someone looking for a general introduction to the many
aspects of life in Victorian London. It doesn’t dig deeply into any subject,
but it does highlight a wide range of different topics that could be researched
separately.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The writing style is
straightforward and clear, making it very accessible. The generous use of
quotations from original sources ensures that you’re not simply hearing the
author’s opinion. Her statements are backed by eye-witnesses from the time. The
book has a reasonable bibliography but the index feels a little thin.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">There are many Victorian
Londons. Helen Amy makes a good stab at illustrating the various facets of
them, from life on and around the River Thames, through to the various flavours
of Christian churches available to the public. She closes the book with a short
summary of the changes in London over Queen Victoria’s later life, concluding
with a short description of the monarch’s final journey to Frogmore, where her
burial marked the end of the era. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Note</p>
<ol>
<li>Quote from <i>Everyday Life in Victorian London</i> by Helen Amy (2023) p53.</li></ol><p><a href="https://www.amberley-books.com/catalog/product/view/id/11402/s/everyday-life-in-victorian-london/category/6/" rel="" target="_blank"><i>Everyday Life in Victorian London </i>is available from Amberley Publishing here.</a></p><p><i></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who wrote this review. </span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage us and help us to keep making our research freely available, please buy us a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p>
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Andrew Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02866928501693775023noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-32678738077368438642023-02-08T21:10:00.007+00:002023-03-18T16:11:05.680+00:00The First Celebrities: Five Regency Portraits by Peter James Bowman - book review<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amberley-books.com/the-first-celebrities.html" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="Front cover of The First Celebrities by Peter James Bowman" border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="388" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8OAKzKebN6wORiY4Iap3YndyqPLQZAIlHDK7POcdjKe9R98F3l4SoV1ujUYinS28AV4bEu0sUmiqfI65h3rmeEvgZWwoQ6Oo1r0YjufdB05rP0ahLP-g9sg52Muic6VL4W7ag2M1jxhoSzHaF9_HfE-VFLyNGFUU3fUXEkAtaJ3T_BiLO5zz6axyx/w270-h400/The%20First%20Celebrities.jpeg" title="Front cover of The First Celebrities by Peter James Bowman" width="270" /></a></div><br />We all instinctively know what
a celebrity is. They’re talked about. They’re a character. They stand out from
the crowd.
<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Arguably, celebrities are as
old as humanity. There have always been those who attract the majority of
attention. Bowman’s title challenges this, positioning five Regency characters
as among the first true celebrities. He opens the book with almost sixty pages
justifying his claim, and he makes a good case. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In simple terms, celebrity is
about being known for who you are. Fame is about being known for what you’ve
done. It’s also of the moment. <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2013/09/lord-byron-1788-1824.html" target="_blank">Byron</a> was a celebrity. <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2015/06/arthur-wellesley-1st-duke-of-wellington.html" target="_blank">The Duke of Wellington</a> is
famous.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Celebrity, argues Bowman, also
requires a sophisticated media. The media is the stage on which the lives of
celebrities can be paraded, discussed, ridiculed and dissected in print and in
pictures. The rise of the British press in the late eighteenth century, and the
freedom it enjoyed, presented new opportunities for individuals to be promoted
to celebrity, and indeed, for them to promote themselves.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Celebrity involves a
relationship between an individual and their audience. The public are hungry
for personal details of someone’s life, and the object of their attention has
to choose how much to share. Give away too much and reputation is at risk.
Reveal too little and there’s a danger of being overlooked.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Bowman has selected five
individuals to wear the mantle of the first celebrities. They are: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Harriot, Duchess of St Albans</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Princess Dorothea Lieven</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Richard Grenville, Duke of Buckingham and Chandos</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Lady Charlotte Bury</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sir Thomas Lawrence</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The book tells their stories,
with an emphasis on their relationship with the media and, thereby, with the
public.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Bowman has clearly researched
his subjects in detail, from letters, diaries, memoirs and particularly,
newspapers. Their stories are engaging and entertaining, written in a style
that keeps you thinking and occasionally has you reaching for the dictionary.
He treats them sympathetically, even the feckless Duke of Buckingham.</p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Harriot, Duchess
of St Albans</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbvUknEtxM3-7CHkJbWduwLM1mR4kQlUhArspPA-1kRjtOmu6JV_r0HN-FRLfXsYCl5Kn4WStMpFaSzIwNfT9OEreZsIVTFJCOypR0d9pHjnKUnGJ1aICXebUxyvEv3rr_HE0LnBiNdXdaGUqibGrjg6bMSl2rnBK4SVpjknjq-nF4gtyGlMfoplg/s564/HARRIO~4.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Head and shoulders of lady with curly dark hair and a bonnet - Harriot, Duchess of St Albans" border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="472" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbvUknEtxM3-7CHkJbWduwLM1mR4kQlUhArspPA-1kRjtOmu6JV_r0HN-FRLfXsYCl5Kn4WStMpFaSzIwNfT9OEreZsIVTFJCOypR0d9pHjnKUnGJ1aICXebUxyvEv3rr_HE0LnBiNdXdaGUqibGrjg6bMSl2rnBK4SVpjknjq-nF4gtyGlMfoplg/w335-h400/HARRIO~4.JPG" title="Harriot, Duchess of St Albans from Memoirs of Harriot, Duchess of St Albans by Mrs Cornwell Baron-Wilson (1840)" width="335" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Harriot, Duchess of St Albans<br /> from <i>Memoirs of Harriot, Duchess of St Albans</i> <br />by Mrs Cornwell Baron-Wilson (1840)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Harriot Mellon is the ultimate
rags-to-riches tale. The possibly illegitimate daughter of a wardrobe assistant
in an Irish theatre troupe, she became the richest woman in England. Wealth
does not lead automatically to celebrity. It was her manner of obtaining it
that provoked public interest and scandalised gossip. </div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In 1815, aged 37, she married a
banker over forty years her senior. Having secured a fortune, she then achieved
an aristocratic title. This came on her second marriage, this time to a man
much younger than herself.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Harriot maintained her public
profile through her generosity. As she and her husband travelled the country,
church bells announced their arrival to excited crowds. <i>The Brighton Patriot</i> stated:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><blockquote><i>The liberality and
benevolence of the Duchess made her presence at all times desired by all
classes.<sub>1</sub></i></blockquote><i><sub></sub></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Harriot Mellon is one of the
twelve women Rachel profiled in <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2017/04/what-regency-women-did-for-us-is-out-now.html" target="_blank"><i>What Regency Women Did For Us</i>. </a>Bowman’s book
tells her fascinating story in more detail.</p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Princess Dorothea
Lieven</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The only non-British celebrity
portrait shared by Bowman is that of the wife of the Russian ambassador, Count
Lieven. He arrived in London, with his elegant young bride, in 1812. During his
two decades in post he became a prince.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In 1834, on the news that the
Tsar was withdrawing his ambassador, <i>The Times</i> stated:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i></p><blockquote><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The recall of Prince Lieven, or, rather of
Madame la Princesse, is an ‘event’</i>.<sub>2</sub></blockquote><sub></sub><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This statement summed up how
many perceived the Princess. She was effectively the ambassador for Russia,
because she’d developed such close relationships with many British politicians.
But she was no pawn in the male-dominated game of politics. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Rather, she entranced men into
feeling so comfortable that they opened up to her, allowing her to play a
significant part in the shaping of Europe once the Napoleonic wars were over.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Countess Lieven was one of the patronesses of <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2011/10/almacks-assemby-rooms.html" target="_blank">Almack</a><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2011/10/almacks-assemby-rooms.html" target="_blank"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">’</span>s Assembly Rooms.</a><br /></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Richard Grenville,
Duke of Buckingham and Chandos</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Buckingham, says Bowman, gave
the world something to talk about for thirty years, but achieved remarkably
little. Inheriting a fortune, including the palace at Stowe, he enjoyed an
annual income not far short of £100,000 a year.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">His life encompassed politics,
the military, mistresses and a <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2013/04/the-grand-tour.html" target="_blank">Grand Tour</a> in the 1820s. All this was against a
background of extravagant living. His massive income wasn’t enough to support
his even larger appetite for spending.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The press loved to follow the
details of Buckingham’s life. Of a visit to Scotland <i>The</i> <i>Edinburgh
Observer</i> stated: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i></p><blockquote><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Had the King himself been in the party, his motions could hardly have
been more minutely dwelt on</i>.<sub>3</sub></blockquote><sub></sub><p></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Lady Charlotte
Bury</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Born in 1775, the young Lady
Charlotte was considered the epitome of female beauty, giving her an early
celebrity status. Bowman’s biography then charts her decline in status and the
alteration of her celebrity, through two marriages and her transition into a
novelist.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Charlotte enjoyed the
confidence of royalty—the Prince Regent and his estranged wife, Princess Caroline—and
mixed with the cream of society. But the high regard in which she was held was
slowly stripped away over the 86 years of her long life.</p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Sir Thomas
Lawrence</h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZh3amdDwwN4dKGdhv6lqftyFQsTxN_7pt2N__g4IGvu0lqWWTVSWlse9z3Zf5t1AJuTphseL6gxSqmF4FILvKLQgYuOBI_8v2DXMk74FRSHCiD7ec-bNXBebI8e6LFWuYwNqktw_0BeWjUOQMT7OSa6ZqIb4mu3EGaYZkKqc9qj3PEdn_dp5bFT3I/s410/Sir%20Thomas%20Lawrence%20from%20the%20Life%20and%20Correspondence%20of%20Sir%20TL%201831.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir Thomas Lawrence from The Life and Correspondence of Sir Thomas Lawrence by DE Williams (1831)" border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="332" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZh3amdDwwN4dKGdhv6lqftyFQsTxN_7pt2N__g4IGvu0lqWWTVSWlse9z3Zf5t1AJuTphseL6gxSqmF4FILvKLQgYuOBI_8v2DXMk74FRSHCiD7ec-bNXBebI8e6LFWuYwNqktw_0BeWjUOQMT7OSa6ZqIb4mu3EGaYZkKqc9qj3PEdn_dp5bFT3I/w324-h400/Sir%20Thomas%20Lawrence%20from%20the%20Life%20and%20Correspondence%20of%20Sir%20TL%201831.jpg" title="Sir Thomas Lawrence from The Life and Correspondence of Sir Thomas Lawrence by DE Williams (1831)" width="324" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sir Thomas Lawrence<br />
from <i>The Life and Correspondence of Sir Thomas Lawrence</i><br />
by DE Williams (1831)</td></tr></tbody></table>Of the five biographies in this
book, that of artist Sir Thomas Lawrence feels the least like the tale of a
celebrity. Deeply talented from childhood, and celebrated well before he was
ten years old, the son of an innkeeper went on to become the leading portrait
artist of the Regency.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Lawrence’s story, like all the
others, is well presented. It describes his commitment to his work, his
entanglements with the daughters of actress Sarah Siddons, and his inability to
manage his finances. While the newspapers of the day were interested in what
Lawrence was up to, there’s less of a sense that the public were hungry to hear
it.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2013/01/sir-thomas-lawrence-1769-1830.html" target="_blank">You can read our profile of Sir Thomas Lawrence here. </a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Note <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">All quotes are from <i>The First Celebrities</i> by Peter James Bowman which is <a href="https://www.amberley-books.com/the-first-celebrities.html" rel="" target="_blank">available from Amberley books here.</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2018/03/the-real-persuasion-by-peter-james.html" target="_blank">Read a review of another of Peter James Bowman's books, <i>The Real Persuasion </i></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></p><b></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who wrote this review.<br /></span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
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Andrew Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02866928501693775023noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-58712554055404331512023-01-19T14:25:00.003+00:002023-01-19T14:27:25.850+00:00Were there finishing schools in Regency England?<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVxCYtNVijP6XCxxI_PiEIhnGGSOCY-anmFbmYq280UZ4_MoyrdaKmyXrIYtgX7EhmVWUnG37WPPfcEkzIP7XTvuURhj6vO_75HREAwBRsPj7pnkFx0uy4wVh_6L9nzLJeDLu2zsF3CbXhe9397sV_9tN6cP2PcFRWkq5McPKg58zEaMdjMww6dOGy/s629/Fashionable%20afternoon%20and%20morning%20dress%20Lady's%20Mag%20Jan%201807.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Two young ladies wearing fashionable Regency afternoon and morning dress one with a harp from Lady's Magazine (1807)" border="0" data-original-height="629" data-original-width="467" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVxCYtNVijP6XCxxI_PiEIhnGGSOCY-anmFbmYq280UZ4_MoyrdaKmyXrIYtgX7EhmVWUnG37WPPfcEkzIP7XTvuURhj6vO_75HREAwBRsPj7pnkFx0uy4wVh_6L9nzLJeDLu2zsF3CbXhe9397sV_9tN6cP2PcFRWkq5McPKg58zEaMdjMww6dOGy/w298-h400/Fashionable%20afternoon%20and%20morning%20dress%20Lady's%20Mag%20Jan%201807.png" title="Two young ladies wearing fashionable afternoon and morning dress from Lady's Magazine (1807)" width="298" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<p class="MsoNormal">Two young ladies wearing fashionable afternoon <br />and morning
dress from <i>The Lady's Magazine</i> (1807)</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">One hundred years ago, in the
early 1900s, thousands of single young women from wealthy families were sent to
finishing schools. The very best were in Switzerland, but wherever the school
was, its primary purpose was to turn out refined young ladies fully prepared to
be a society wife.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Wind back the clock another
hundred years or so to the early 1800s. Were finishing schools doing the same job
of polishing a young woman in preparation for marriage?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The short answer is: sort of. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The finishing school, as we’ve
come to think of it today, was not quite the same in the late Georgian and
Regency era.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">We’ve dug out early accounts
and descriptions of finishing schools, in order to better understand them.</p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">How a Regency finishing school differs </h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">There are three huge
differences between a Regency finishing school and those of the late Victorian
era and the first half of the twentieth century.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Firstly, the schools weren’t in
Switzerland. Now famous for its neutrality, Switzerland was invaded and
captured by the French in 1798. This led to years of political instability
until 1815.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Secondly, the young women who
attended finishing schools were not drawn from the cream of society. Private
tutoring, overseen by a governess, was the preferred method of educating girls
and young ladies. This was expensive, making it exclusive to the wealthy.
Finishing school was a second-best option.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Thirdly, the quality of
education was patchy. Many thought that the students learned little, if
anything, in such establishments.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Charles Dickens captures this
sentiment in <i>Sketches by Boz</i>, in an episode first published in a
magazine in 1834. He describes a fictional school: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt;"><i></i><i></i></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><i>Minerva House, conducted
under the auspices of the two sisters, was a ‘finishing establishment for young
ladies,’ where some twenty girls of the ages of from thirteen to nineteen
inclusive, acquired a smattering of everything, and a knowledge of nothing;
instruction in French and Italian, dancing lessons twice a-week; and other
necessaries of life.<sub>1</sub></i></blockquote><i><sub></sub></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In his story, a Member of
Parliament puts his daughter in the school to hide her from a potential suitor.
It’s not long before she elopes, and the MP exclaims:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><blockquote><i>“I’ll bring in a bill for
the abolition of finishing-schools.”<sub>2</sub></i></blockquote><i><sub></sub></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">While Dickens’ story is
fiction, and he liked to poke fun at many aspects of society, his poor opinion
of finishing schools is shared by others—as we’ll see below. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">There’s one final difference to
note—the term ‘finishing school’ was not restricted to places where girls were
educated. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNb37E03s-TAC-AzjyE2xdrw9IWsrukyOCHW7UX4zqqJtfJQjYNxsJy-rwpLKNXM4dXDRJNpG9il6OPhZuNW77orzgW8v-k9EPcjnDXvxm9_N-O4myxLFU3hsw6_kngnrPo1ONtBll3vBfxGAh1usbB5ELYMSqwYXQGMbDwD9GELawKmiouJ-a0y2X/s478/Theodosius%20introduced%20to%20the%20new%20pupil%20-%20Sketches%20by%20Boz%20Dickens%201836%201.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="A young lady is being introduced to a gentleman at a party" border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="444" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNb37E03s-TAC-AzjyE2xdrw9IWsrukyOCHW7UX4zqqJtfJQjYNxsJy-rwpLKNXM4dXDRJNpG9il6OPhZuNW77orzgW8v-k9EPcjnDXvxm9_N-O4myxLFU3hsw6_kngnrPo1ONtBll3vBfxGAh1usbB5ELYMSqwYXQGMbDwD9GELawKmiouJ-a0y2X/w371-h400/Theodosius%20introduced%20to%20the%20new%20pupil%20-%20Sketches%20by%20Boz%20Dickens%201836%201.png" title="Theodosius is introduced to the new pupil by George Cruikshank in Sketches by Boz by Charles Dickens (1836)" width="371" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Theodosius is introduced to the new pupil by George Cruikshank <br />in <i>Sketches by Boz</i> by Charles Dickens (1836)</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Regency finishing school wasn’t just for women</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Words and phrases often change
their meaning over time, and this is what’s happened to ‘finishing school’.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In its more general sense, a
finishing school was a place where someone’s education was rounded off, or
finished. This could apply as much to a man as a woman.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In a book on university education
for doctors published in 1759, Richard Davies wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>After giving some public
proof of a natural Genius, Students should be sent for instruction to the
national Schools; there to pass thro’ all the discipline of a philosophic
Education; to be afterwards improved<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by
due attendance as some public Hospital. Which ought to be the finishing school
of the clinical Physician.<sub>3</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This usage appears in other
documents around that time. A ‘finishing school’ wasn’t so much a specific institution
as an environment where your education was completed. On leaving, students were
equipped for a particular station in life.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In <i>The Art of Teaching</i>
by David Morrice, 1801, that author writes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i>What are called FINISHING
SCHOOLS in London, are of very great service to young gentlemen designed for
the commercial line, as they are there more particularly instructed with a view
to that object, and by masters practically versed in the business.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i>Half a year’s instruction at
one of these academies, after leaving a country school, will greatly benefit a
youth, and prepare him for the counting-house with much advantage.<sub>4</sub></i></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i><sub></sub></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">For late Georgian women, that
final stage of education included the knowledge of running a household. Indeed,
preparing them to be a good wife was the primary purpose of their education. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This emphasis is captured in <i>A
Picture of Manchester </i>(1826), which states that in the same way that young
men finish their studies at university:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>...so the young ladies in
those days completed theirs under the celebrated Mrs Blomiley, without which
(provided the deficiency in education was known) it would have been vain for
them to hope that any young man would deem them fit to be his wife.<sub>5</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">A Regency finishing school was <i>not</i> a
premium education</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Those who could afford it
usually educated their daughters at home. They sent their sons to boarding
schools, such as Harrow and Eton, <a style="mso-comment-date: 20230117T0921; mso-comment-reference: RK_2;">where they were harshly treated, but could get
up to all kinds of mischief. </a>Girls needed more protection—and less education.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">There were boarding schools for
girls, and plenty of them, often run in private homes, with relatively small
numbers of pupils. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The students were usually drawn
from middle-class families who wanted their daughters to improve themselves—or
be ‘finished’.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In her finishing school, the
celebrated Mrs Blomily of Manchester educated the daughters of merchants—very
much the middle classes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWQHeyRszV4grKyQyTSMnBsnAPGJD14hKDo7_TfzhvW2NdpLfA6YVRF6HVVSWndgv4FvzseN-6wJSPmyBsnkFgQz_H9xzdX2ds5KOkhFz3qysxA9ykpybgnL10a1plECZOwnzgfGnHdYvnEc-b-Ft3SLCOt5h29AoNPggbYc6bpnblzcEz6OZOtoUS/s589/Lady%20Morgan%20from%20The%20MIssionary%20vol%20I%20by%20Lady%20Morgan%201811.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Regency lady playing the harp" border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="381" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWQHeyRszV4grKyQyTSMnBsnAPGJD14hKDo7_TfzhvW2NdpLfA6YVRF6HVVSWndgv4FvzseN-6wJSPmyBsnkFgQz_H9xzdX2ds5KOkhFz3qysxA9ykpybgnL10a1plECZOwnzgfGnHdYvnEc-b-Ft3SLCOt5h29AoNPggbYc6bpnblzcEz6OZOtoUS/w259-h400/Lady%20Morgan%20from%20The%20MIssionary%20vol%20I%20by%20Lady%20Morgan%201811.png" title="Lady Morgan from The Missionary by Lady Morgan (1811)" width="259" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lady Morgan (born Sydney Owenson)<br />from <i>The Missionary</i> by Lady Morgan (1811)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Sydney Owenson, daughter of an
Irish actor, was one of those from a middle-class family. In her memoirs, she
recalls how she changed school at age 12, in the 1790s. She wrote that her
widowed father, guided by a female friend: </div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i>…placed us in the
fashionable “finishing school,” as it was then called, of Mrs Anderson.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i>The pupils were the
daughters of wealthy mediocrities, and their manners seemed coarse and familiar
after the polished formalities of the habits of St Cyr.<sub>6</sub></i></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i><sub></sub></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In a letter to her father,
preserved in the memoir, Sydney expressed her dislike of the ‘vulgar’ and
‘odious’ Mrs Anderson, and complained she learned nothing new in her time
there.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Sydney Owenson later became
Lady Morgan, a noted Irish author.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Another author, Thomas
Hamilton, is equally uncomplimentary about a ‘finishing school’ education and
its impact on a woman’s morals. In his novel <i>The Youth and Manhood of Cyril
Thornton </i>(1827), he uses his characters to describe the girls who attend
such schools as “always pert, forward, ill-educated and ill-bred.”<sub>7</sub> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Hamilton also has his character
tell the story of a girl, “only lately returned from a finishing-school at
Bath”, who marries an officer and soon elopes with another.<sub>8</sub></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The attitude towards finishing
schools was not particularly positive.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIh5O7bU2cLp4hGGcgobVnSQrmac51K0EIK7QOEqeZlGVBe97Od-vLp8we84N30bQ9ppwJVpEXz8HdnQMKbvfSoL5624hklDsTKT3lxGBwYuzhEB8XFfTsmFjNyRgaw08K2lWnuRcKGkdilDoJtzw7ANxR8ebWSKEpNyGijTGRKptvKcjZv9Ry8WWM/s2989/Smuggling%20out%20HJ%20Schutz%20Rowlandson%20pub%20Ackermann%201798%20DP872184.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Regency young lady climbing down sheet rope from window with soldier below to catch her" border="0" data-original-height="2989" data-original-width="2227" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIh5O7bU2cLp4hGGcgobVnSQrmac51K0EIK7QOEqeZlGVBe97Od-vLp8we84N30bQ9ppwJVpEXz8HdnQMKbvfSoL5624hklDsTKT3lxGBwYuzhEB8XFfTsmFjNyRgaw08K2lWnuRcKGkdilDoJtzw7ANxR8ebWSKEpNyGijTGRKptvKcjZv9Ry8WWM/w298-h400/Smuggling%20out%20HJ%20Schutz%20Rowlandson%20pub%20Ackermann%201798%20DP872184.png" title="Smuggling Out or Starting for Gretna Green by Thomas Rowlandson (1798)" width="298" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Smuggling Out or Starting for <br />Gretna Green </i>by Thomas Rowlandson (1798)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Young ladies of quality did not attend a Regency
finishing school</h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Our research suggests that the
late Georgian and Regency idea of a finishing school was quite different from that
we now associate with the phrase.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">It was a term applied to any
institution where any person’s education was considered to have been
‘finished’. That is, on leaving, they were ready for the duties for which the
school had equipped them.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">For women, that duty was to be
a good wife. The wealthy employed governesses and tutors to achieve this
finishing. The middle classes sent their daughters to a school where they hoped
it would take place.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Many people had a low opinion
of schools that promised to deliver this ‘finish’ for women. </p><div style="mso-element: comment-list;"></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who wrote this post. </span></span></div><p></p>
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<p>Notes
</p><ol style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">Dickens, Charles, Sketches by Boz (1836).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Ibid.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Davies, Richard, MD, The general state of education in the universities (1759).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Morrice, David, The Art of Teaching (1801).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Aston, Joseph, A Picture of Manchester (1826).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Morgan, Lady, Lady Morgan’s Memoirs Volume 1 (1862).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Hamilton, Thomas, The Youth and Manhood of Cyril Thornton (1827).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Ibid.</li>
</ol><p style="text-align: justify;">
Sources used include: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Aston, Joseph, <i>A Picture of Manchester</i> (1826) </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Davies, Richard, MD, <i>The general state of education in the universities</i> (1759)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Dickens, Charles, <i>Sketches by Boz</i> (1836)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hamilton, Thomas, <i>The Youth and Manhood of Cyril Thornton</i> (1827)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Morgan, Lady, <i>Lady Morgan’s Memoirs</i> Volume 1 (1862)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Morrice, David, <i>The Art of Teaching</i> (1801)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">© RegencyHistory
</p>Andrew Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02866928501693775023noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-64615147456988217492022-12-15T10:08:00.010+00:002022-12-15T12:08:22.861+00:00Kissing under the mistletoe in the Regency<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0scqvcrL6MwwX432cNRlhronpiRmKHxZ2RjVPIeg7IoSjW78_zV8RnO5dj1ugZM8msLSWAtBr8TVQy-O4zcYQ2EvcurjeovIQ8IIKEc7Ru-ivf0WunsIXclG08vy7AJBE4Ke5VWUfwFJ2_kBgWxfgm9_yLeL4IbGg1snrSep3eHCJjLlMa-D1StJf/s800/The%20Mistletoe%20in%20Popular%20Pastimes%201816%20v2%20cropped.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Mistletoe in Popular Pastimes by FW Stephanoff (1816)" border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="800" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0scqvcrL6MwwX432cNRlhronpiRmKHxZ2RjVPIeg7IoSjW78_zV8RnO5dj1ugZM8msLSWAtBr8TVQy-O4zcYQ2EvcurjeovIQ8IIKEc7Ru-ivf0WunsIXclG08vy7AJBE4Ke5VWUfwFJ2_kBgWxfgm9_yLeL4IbGg1snrSep3eHCJjLlMa-D1StJf/w400-h270/The%20Mistletoe%20in%20Popular%20Pastimes%201816%20v2%20cropped.png" title="The Mistletoe in Popular Pastimes by FW Stephanoff (1816)" width="450" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The Mistletoe</i> in <i>Popular Pastimes</i> by FW Stephanoff (1816)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">A Christmas tradition that romance
authors love is kissing under the mistletoe.</p>
<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">But when did the tradition begin? Did
young ladies of quality kiss under the mistletoe in the Regency? These are the
questions I set out to answer in this blog.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>What is mistletoe?</b></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCQXVZ6J_q9eu6C3UM3U_5_pjjuF7d0G0uPcfL64dV1n1yqz3zhKowY3IIicjo3muuKQ6NYwJYmPuKLh_cqKc-glON3SFwNczkzhdMwowGZM-sTdRFD9srd6davzQyEfOYQ2umP4jcoyGijZF4Ua4yb6XpzBJvCaDQMEch462CT5rn3PVePM7q_Wg0/s1541/Mistletoe.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Mistletoe decoration (2022)" border="0" data-original-height="1541" data-original-width="1257" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCQXVZ6J_q9eu6C3UM3U_5_pjjuF7d0G0uPcfL64dV1n1yqz3zhKowY3IIicjo3muuKQ6NYwJYmPuKLh_cqKc-glON3SFwNczkzhdMwowGZM-sTdRFD9srd6davzQyEfOYQ2umP4jcoyGijZF4Ua4yb6XpzBJvCaDQMEch462CT5rn3PVePM7q_Wg0/w261-h320/Mistletoe.jpg" title="Mistletoe decoration (2022)" width="261" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mistletoe decoration (2022)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Mistletoe—sometimes spelt misletoe
in old texts—is an evergreen plant with oval leaves that grow in pairs. It
produces small white flowers, but is better known for its waxy, white berries
which grow in clusters from October to May—right over the Christmas season. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">It is an unusual plant because it is
semi-parasitic. Rather than growing in the ground, it lives on the branches of
other trees, such as apple, lime, pear, or oak. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Although all parts of the plant are
poisonous, mistletoe is used in medicines to treat certain disorders like
epilepsy and cancer.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>When was mistletoe first
associated with Christmas?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In pre-Christian Britain, mistletoe
was connected with the winter solstice. The Druids revered the oak, and this
reverence spread to everything connected with it—including mistletoe that grew
on oak. It was revered for its healing properties and gathered in a ceremony
steeped with superstition at the winter solstice. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">When Christianity was established in
Britain, new traditions developed. Stephanoff wrote in <i>Popular Pastimes</i>
(1816):</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>The custom of decking our
churches and habitations with evergreens, has existed from the very
establishment of Christianity, and was unquestionably derived from the like
similar practice of our Pagan ancestors.<sub>1</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">These evergreens included mistletoe,
which is mentioned in <i>Candlemas Eve</i>, a poem written by Robert Herrick
(1591–1674). He wrote about taking down the greenery, including mistletoe, on
Candlemas Eve, signalling the end of the Christmas season:<sub>2</sub> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Down with the
rosemary and bays,</i><br />
<i>Down with the
mistletoe;</i><br />
<i>Instead of
holly, now up-raise</i><br />
<i>The greener box, for show.<sub>3</sub></i></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i><sub></sub></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Another early reference to mistletoe
is in <i>Art of Simpling</i>, published in 1656. Coles wrote of mistletoe: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>It is carryed many miles to set
up in houses about Christmas time, when it is adorned with a white glistering
berry.<sub>4</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><b>When did people first kiss under
the mistletoe?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLqxl8WJh8DV2wxOVHEemhvldYdooETBGO8qAaeP6mT_Ay6NLyT22e9G3ozj9b0RjUse1zHp9YEX_1m-ji4LI-oqic4utYHtbQQZqPQ-i3Qnuvkp_yqLQKUp2WV6PUhcZWZCbwPChRXakPDwzQ2PgqRGia_vQ2UHXQIClE-Xv-OFe3efeaH-skDb_i/s2395/Christmas%20Eve%20Burnett%201815%20Wellcome%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Man wearing hat leans over pretty wife's shoulder under mistletoe. Old lady sleeps at table and young boy looks on." border="0" data-original-height="2395" data-original-width="1909" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLqxl8WJh8DV2wxOVHEemhvldYdooETBGO8qAaeP6mT_Ay6NLyT22e9G3ozj9b0RjUse1zHp9YEX_1m-ji4LI-oqic4utYHtbQQZqPQ-i3Qnuvkp_yqLQKUp2WV6PUhcZWZCbwPChRXakPDwzQ2PgqRGia_vQ2UHXQIClE-Xv-OFe3efeaH-skDb_i/w319-h400/Christmas%20Eve%20Burnett%201815%20Wellcome%20png.png" title="Christmas Eve by J Burnett (1815)" width="319" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Christmas Eve</i> by J Burnett (1815)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>The earliest reference to kissing
under the mistletoe that I’ve come across is in a comic opera written in 1784
called <i>Two to One</i>:<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>When at Christmas in the hall</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The men and maids are hopping</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>If by chance I hear ‘em bawl,</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Amongst ‘em quick I pop in.</i></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>When all the men, Jem, John, and Joe,</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Cry, “What good luck has sent ye?”</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>And kiss beneath the mistletoe</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The girl not turn’d of twenty.<sub>5</sub></i></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><sub></sub></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">A poem quoted in <i>Popular Pastimes</i>
(1816) is undated, but it hints at the possibility that the custom went back
earlier:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Misletoe hangs from an oaken beam,</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Ivy creeps up the outer wall; </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Bays our broken casements screen, </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Holly-bush
graces the hall. </i></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Then hey for our Christmas revelling, </i></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>For all its
pastimes pleasures bring.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Misletoe's berries are fair and
white,</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Ivy's of gloomy sable hue;</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Red as blood the Laurel's affect our
sight,</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>And the
Holly's the same with prickles too.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Then hey,
& c.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Nor black nor ensanguined red for me: - </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Misletoe only is my delight: </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>For pure as love all its berries be, </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>And to kissing
my Fanny's sweet lips invite. </i></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Then hey for our Christmas revelling, </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>For thus its
symbols pleasures bring.<sub>6</sub></i></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><sub></sub></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Upstairs or downstairs?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIh43jZ3L3CvafY9bgpIy9POF8n8EAyLYBvVANGYdobFlNpvshqYdKQ_0MqENnPZ26PMbas9XEgbs3rDqXVGMFgSOQpks-bZnVW27pdOsSY-XPbdwVcWJdgyec_nd-BvA-_hKR_IXWHK82gDGG6Ik1qF0jEMB7Nj849VPjTqX4yYFa2MlZWA5JZV59/s3025/Christmas%20Gambols%20Rowlandson%201812%20MetMuseum%20DP883796%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Raucous Regency scene in kitchen with servants kissing under the mistletoe" border="0" data-original-height="3025" data-original-width="2570" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIh43jZ3L3CvafY9bgpIy9POF8n8EAyLYBvVANGYdobFlNpvshqYdKQ_0MqENnPZ26PMbas9XEgbs3rDqXVGMFgSOQpks-bZnVW27pdOsSY-XPbdwVcWJdgyec_nd-BvA-_hKR_IXWHK82gDGG6Ik1qF0jEMB7Nj849VPjTqX4yYFa2MlZWA5JZV59/w340-h400/Christmas%20Gambols%20Rowlandson%201812%20MetMuseum%20DP883796%20png.png" title="Christmas Gambols by Thomas Rowlandson (1812)" width="340" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Christmas Gambols </i>by Thomas Rowlandson (1812)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Contemporary prints from the late
Georgian period show mistletoe hung up in the kitchen—below stairs. <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2014/07/mary-robinson-more-than-perdita.html" target="_blank">Mary Robinson</a>’s poem, <i>The
Mistletoe – a Christmas Tale</i> (1800) says:</p>
<p><i></i></p><blockquote><p><i>‘Twas Christmas time, the
peasant throng <br />
Assembled gay, with dance and
Song: <br />
The Farmer's Kitchen long had
been <br />
Of annual sports the busy scene<br />
…<br />
It happen'd, that some sport to
shew <br />
The ceiling held a MISTLETOE. <br />
A magic bough, and well
design'd <br />
To prove the coyest Maiden,
kind.<br />
A magic bough, which DRUIDS old <br />
Its sacred mysteries enroll'd;<br />
And which, or gossip Fame's a
liar, <br />
Still warms the soul with vivid
fire; <br />
Still promises a store of bliss
<br />
While bigots snatch their
Idol's kiss.<sub>7</sub></i></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i><sub></sub></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i><sub></sub> </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Observations on Popular
Antiquities</i> (1841) stated that mistletoe</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>…was the heathenish or profane
plant, as having been of such distinction in the Pagan rites of Druidism, and
it therefore had its place assigned it in kitchens.<sub>8</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Stephanoff’s <i>Popular Pastimes</i>
(1816) confirms this. He wrote mistletoe </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>…is still beheld with emotions of
pleasurable interest, when hung up in our kitchens at Christmas; it gives
licence to seize “the soft kiss” from the ruby lips of whatever female can be
enticed or caught beneath. So custom authorizes, and it enjoins also, that one
of the berries of the Misletoe be plucked off after every salute. Though coy in
appearance, the “chariest maid” at this season of festivity is seldom loth to
submit to the established usage; especially when the swain who tempts her is
one whom she approves.<sub>9</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Pickwick Papers</i> by Charles
Dickens (1836–7) suggests that though mistletoe was hung below stairs, the
kissing was not restricted to the servants:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i><i></i></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><i>From the centre of the ceiling of
this kitchen, old Wardle had just suspended, with his own hands, a huge branch
of mistletoe, and this same branch of mistletoe instantaneously gave rise to a
scene of general and most delightful struggling and confusion; in the midst of
which, Mr Pickwick, with a gallantry that would have done honour to a
descendant of Lady Tollimglower herself, took the old lady by the hand, led her
beneath the mystic branch, and saluted her in all courtesy and decorum.</i></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote style="text-align: jsutify;"><i> The old
lady submitted to this piece of practical politeness with all the dignity which
befitted so important and serious a solemnity, but the younger ladies, not
being so thoroughly imbued with a superstitious veneration for the custom, or
imagining that the value of a salute is very much enhanced if it cost a little
trouble to obtain it, screamed and struggled, and ran into corners, and
threatened and remonstrated, and did everything but leave the room, until some
of the less adventurous gentlemen were on the point of desisting, when they all
at once found it useless to resist any longer, and submitted to be kissed with
a good grace.</i></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><blockquote style="text-align: justify;">Mr Winkle kissed the young lady with the black eyes, and Mr
Snodgrass kissed Emily; and Mr Weller, not being particular about the form of
being under the mistletoe, kissed Emma and the other female servants, just as
he caught them. As to the poor relations, they kissed everybody, not even
excepting the plainer portions of the young lady visitors, who, in their
excessive confusion, ran right under the mistletoe, as soon as it was hung up,
without knowing it!<sub>10</sub></blockquote></i></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_Ibq-g9MLff3StkXKJ1VopF45DDKpRvjTevivP00La3j-EwmEHsuF-BYmqU3JAdmdkpsDqQOufScnbNcNkEDuqz97XOzWVWt5L18sSLlRXNju8I4mD9bv3LpAaljTwxxG1GnnD_4XqLrN3SjF5rW-g_QCBMPhZsvtiJTfyFhKPlLfug3VBULRsdXO/s628/Christmas%20eve%20at%20Mr%20Wardle's%20from%20Pickwick%20Papers%20Dickens%201836.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Christmas Eve at Mr Wardle's by Phiz from Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens (1836-7)" border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="564" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_Ibq-g9MLff3StkXKJ1VopF45DDKpRvjTevivP00La3j-EwmEHsuF-BYmqU3JAdmdkpsDqQOufScnbNcNkEDuqz97XOzWVWt5L18sSLlRXNju8I4mD9bv3LpAaljTwxxG1GnnD_4XqLrN3SjF5rW-g_QCBMPhZsvtiJTfyFhKPlLfug3VBULRsdXO/w359-h400/Christmas%20eve%20at%20Mr%20Wardle's%20from%20Pickwick%20Papers%20Dickens%201836.jpg" title="Christmas Eve at Mr Wardle's by Phiz from Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens (1836-7)" width="359" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Christmas Eve at Mr Wardle's </i>by Phiz <br />from <i>Pickwick Papers</i> by Charles Dickens (1836-7)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><b>When was the mistletoe put up?</b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">I’ve not found a definitive answer
to this one, although I’ve read multiple times of a superstition that it was
bad luck to decorate the house before Christmas Eve. I’ve not found any contemporary
evidence as yet to support this, but it is possible that the church discouraged
people from decorating before the winter solstice (21 December) to separate the
Christian festival of Christmas from the pagan celebration of the solstice. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Also, as Christmas Day was the start
of the Christmas festivities, decorating on Christmas Eve would make sense. In
the excerpt above from <i>Pickwick Papers</i>, this scene took place on
Christmas Eve.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>When was mistletoe taken down?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Another superstition I’ve come
across is that it was bad luck to leave greenery up after Twelfth Night (5
January). Traditionally, greenery was taken down on Candlemas Eve (2 February)
but at some point this changed to Twelfth Night. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Some sources suggest the lower
classes were keen to keep the celebrations going and clung onto Candlemas as
the end of the festivities for as long as possible.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>What was a kissing bough?</b> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVUYQK_LQOWEZ5dve69DH1QjVWl9nVUz7OgJ_J-VB-aC-m6ELYy1_bozFgBO6POCAIvTazSvzP3RbzSax2IvxzR33PuRiHr6e485y48daUigy2g13ngBgMaNO3x9jXzx7Jz6kcOByI3YSY5jJZaHrWk6U8aHzprWjP7n1BFUtMRMjETnHjsGozEcIS/s5290/The%20Mistletoe%20Bough%20F%20Wheatley%20c1790%20Yale%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Mistletoe Bough by F Wheatley (c1790)" border="0" data-original-height="5290" data-original-width="4296" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVUYQK_LQOWEZ5dve69DH1QjVWl9nVUz7OgJ_J-VB-aC-m6ELYy1_bozFgBO6POCAIvTazSvzP3RbzSax2IvxzR33PuRiHr6e485y48daUigy2g13ngBgMaNO3x9jXzx7Jz6kcOByI3YSY5jJZaHrWk6U8aHzprWjP7n1BFUtMRMjETnHjsGozEcIS/w325-h400/The%20Mistletoe%20Bough%20F%20Wheatley%20c1790%20Yale%20png.png" title="The Mistletoe Bough by F Wheatley (c1790)" width="325" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The Mistletoe Bough</i> by F Wheatley (c1790)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Mistletoe may have been incorporated
into kissing boughs before it was hung up alone as a Christmas decoration. I’ve
not found any references to kissing boughs in the books of customs and other contemporary
records I’ve looked at, so my information here is based on secondary sources.<p></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">According to the English Heritage
website, a kissing bough comprised two intersecting circles of greenery. It
says:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>It is not certain when kissing
boughs were first introduced in England although they are often considered to
have been a popular Christmas decoration in the Tudor period.<sub>11 </sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">A kissing bough was hung on a wall
or from a ceiling or in a doorway near the entrance of the house to welcome
visitors. Visitors embraced the master and mistress of the house under the
kissing bough as a sign of goodwill.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">I’ve come across various other names
for a kissing bough, though it’s unclear whether these were all the same: a
kissing ball, a Christmas bough, a mistletoe bough or a holy bough, with a clay
figure of the baby Jesus in the middle. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Other sources suggest a kissing
bough was the top part of a tree, hung upside down as a symbol of the Holy
Trinity. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The inclusion of mistletoe in a
kissing bough may have given rise to the tradition of kissing under the
mistletoe.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In John Leech’s illustration of Mr
Fezziwig’s Christmas party in <i>A Christmas Carol </i>(below), there appears
to be a kissing bough hanging from the ceiling<i> </i>as well as mistletoe
being held by hand over a girl’s head. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU87wp4N1s-TKsR0VTfLn1emYkEhiigPvN9Q65zPRsMCPmTxoOzn6TbYOAYx6kXZt7E0S7JteeJL17DoNKtHT4Maxaifov2tv0Y3LfCfp_2wo8wfVPxAgQLAR2L8uvMiIaAeNJsuYzfkvuqcQnY4ZGmzN0hXHpers4b-iVwjGODUFW1iHCTYFAARJE/s1156/Mr%20Fezziwig's%20Ball%20by%20John%20Leech%20in%20A%20Christmas%20Carol%201843png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Mr Fezziwig's Ball by John Leech from A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens (1920 reprint of original 1843 edition)" border="0" data-original-height="1156" data-original-width="1048" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU87wp4N1s-TKsR0VTfLn1emYkEhiigPvN9Q65zPRsMCPmTxoOzn6TbYOAYx6kXZt7E0S7JteeJL17DoNKtHT4Maxaifov2tv0Y3LfCfp_2wo8wfVPxAgQLAR2L8uvMiIaAeNJsuYzfkvuqcQnY4ZGmzN0hXHpers4b-iVwjGODUFW1iHCTYFAARJE/w364-h400/Mr%20Fezziwig's%20Ball%20by%20John%20Leech%20in%20A%20Christmas%20Carol%201843png.png" title="Mr Fezziwig's Ball by John Leech from A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens (1920 reprint of original 1843 edition)" width="364" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mr Fezziwig's Ball by John Leech from <i>A Christmas Carol</i><br />
by Charles Dickens (1920 reprint of original 1843 edition)</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p> <b>Was mistletoe used to decorate
churches?</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">There seems to be some debate whether
mistletoe was used to decorate churches or not.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">John Gay (1685–1732) wrote in his
poem <i>The Approach of Christmas</i>:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>When Rosemary and Bays, the poet's
crown,</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Are bawled in frequent cries through all
the town; </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Then judge the festival of Christmas
near, </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Christmas, the joyous period of the
year! </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Now with bright Holly all the temples
strew, </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>With Laurel green, and sacred MISLETOE.<sub>12</sub> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">This seems to imply that all these
evergreens were used to decorate churches at Christmas. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Observations on Popular
Antiquities</i> (1841) disagreed, stating that mistletoe</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>…never entered those sacred
edifices, but by mistake or ignorance of the sextons.<sub>13</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">However, <i>Popular Pastimes</i> quoted
Dr Stukeley as saying that the druids had a custom of laying mistletoe, which
they called “All-heal”, on their altars, and that this custom still continued
in the north, at York Minster.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Stephanoff added:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>We learn that
it [mistletoe] is still suffered to be put up (without scruple by the
incumbent) in many of our churches at Christmas, where it remains with the
other evergreens, till Candlemas-day.<sub>14</sub></i></blockquote><p><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2018/12/regency-christmas-celebrations.html" target="_blank">You can read more about Regency Christmas celebrations here.</a></p><p><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2012/12/did-they-have-christmas-trees-in-regency.html" target="_blank">You can read about Christmas trees in the Regency here. </a><br /></p></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew. </span></span></div><p></p>
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<p>Notes
</p><ol style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">Stephanoff, Francis William, <i>Popular Pastimes, Being a Selection of Picturesque Representations of the Customs & Amusements of Great Britain, in Ancient and Modern Times: Accompanied with Historical Descriptions</i> (1816).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Candlemas is on 2 February—40 days after Christmas—and celebrates the day Mary was purified according to Jewish law after giving birth to Jesus.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Vizetelly, Henry, <i>Christmas with the poets</i> (1851).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Quoted in Brand, John, & Ellis, Henry, <i>Observations on Popular Antiquities </i>(1841).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Arnold, Dr, <i>Two to One</i>, a comic opera (1784).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Stephanoff op cit.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Robinson, Mary, <i>The Mistletoe - a Christmas tale</i> (1800).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Brand & Ellis op cit.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Stephanoff op cit.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Dickens, Charles, <i>The Pickwick Papers </i>(1836-7).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/christmas-greenery-history/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">English Heritage website</a> <br /></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Vizetelly op cit.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Brand & Ellis op cit.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Stephanoff op cit.</li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Sources used include:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Arnold, Dr, <i>Two
to One</i>, a comic opera (1784)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Brand, John, &
Ellis, Henry, <i>Observations on Popular Antiquities</i> (1841)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Dickens, Charles, <i>A Christmas Carol</i>
(1843)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Dickens, Charles, <i>The Pickwick
Papers</i> (1836-7)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Hone, William<i>, The Everyday Book</i>
(1826)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Newcomb, G, <i>History of the Christmas
Festival</i> (1843)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Robinson, Mary, <i>Lyrical Tales </i>including
<i>The Mistletoe - a Christmas tale</i> (1800)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Stephanoff, Francis William, <i>Popular
Pastimes, Being a Selection of Picturesque Representations of the Customs &
Amusements of Great Britain, in Ancient and Modern Times: Accompanied with
Historical Descriptions</i> (1816)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Kaleidoscope: or, Literary and
scientific mirror</i> (1821)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The New Monthly Magazine and Universal
Register </i>(1817)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Vizetelly, Henry, <i>Christmas with the
poets</i> (1851)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/blog/blog-posts/how-to-make-traditional-tudor-christmas-decorations/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">English Heritage website on Tudor Christmas decorations </a> <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/christmas-greenery-history/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">English Heritage website on Christmas greenery </a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Photograph © Rachel Knowles regencyhistory.net<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"> </p>
<p></p><ol>
</ol><p></p>Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-9480156348750249532022-11-11T12:41:00.002+00:002022-12-14T12:22:02.912+00:00Tattersall's Horse Repository in Regency London<p><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPSVf56XksBm9yyeE3oCizQDGnF5RmEGYp5xbseZcGFAGUJDQSPr1dIj9vwxi5sZ8iSHQG89sJwxYSc9KfdcMbL9AnnuWSHdGPmmulP5S7WvkL-HkNgq8u7zSIVQq8BV5qwIgzZ2uxW0KC1OI3OXMNnWSjKnehz6zLeLpwRHBM3jCg6_d_eGUBcb4D/s3016/Tattersall's%20-%20Ackermann%20picture%20from%20Met%20Musuem%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Tattersall's Horse Repository by Rowlandson and Pugin (pub Ackermann 1809)" border="0" data-original-height="2296" data-original-width="3016" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPSVf56XksBm9yyeE3oCizQDGnF5RmEGYp5xbseZcGFAGUJDQSPr1dIj9vwxi5sZ8iSHQG89sJwxYSc9KfdcMbL9AnnuWSHdGPmmulP5S7WvkL-HkNgq8u7zSIVQq8BV5qwIgzZ2uxW0KC1OI3OXMNnWSjKnehz6zLeLpwRHBM3jCg6_d_eGUBcb4D/w400-h305/Tattersall's%20-%20Ackermann%20picture%20from%20Met%20Musuem%20png.png" title="Tattersall's Horse Repository by Rowlandson and Pugin (pub Ackermann 1809)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Tattersall's Horse Repository </i><br />by Rowlandson and Pugin (pub Ackermann 1809)</td></tr></tbody></table><b>What was Tattersall’s Repository?</b>
<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Tattersall’s Repository was:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>…the most fashionable resort of
the sporting world for the purchase and sale of horses, hounds, carriages,
&c.<sub>1</sub></i></blockquote></div><sub> </sub><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">During the Regency period, when all
road travel was horse-powered, there was a constant demand for horses, both to
ride and to pull carriages. In addition, sportsmen needed hunters, and gentlemen
of the turf bought and sold racehorses. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The best place to buy horses in
Regency London was Tattersall’s Repository:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Where men of taste might enjoy
the glimpses afforded of the most beautiful specimens of an exquisitely
beautiful race, without being perpetually disgusted with the worst of all
things—that of the jockey or horse-dealer.<sub>2</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>The founding of Tattersall’s
Repository</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8mKPpH6KM9NpZyBpR02BK2rZpHDth7Ake08wKz1hRQKtNl3i7fDZg4kBWj0pUir8-wrVF0fMnDEwaoh9APp4R-MAytLxYBecKD6cyXdJeQ9UinyC4EhnAFwWjwXF7123Q426H2tPjJ2hKa3j5xwLywkZy0fLnQHQ-Y-Lba0Z6VPG38nYOfFgex10n/s459/Mr%20Tattersall%20from%20The%20Sporting%20Magazine%20Apr%201795png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Richard Tattersall, founder of Tattersall's from The Sporting Magazine (1795)" border="0" data-original-height="459" data-original-width="409" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8mKPpH6KM9NpZyBpR02BK2rZpHDth7Ake08wKz1hRQKtNl3i7fDZg4kBWj0pUir8-wrVF0fMnDEwaoh9APp4R-MAytLxYBecKD6cyXdJeQ9UinyC4EhnAFwWjwXF7123Q426H2tPjJ2hKa3j5xwLywkZy0fLnQHQ-Y-Lba0Z6VPG38nYOfFgex10n/w285-h320/Mr%20Tattersall%20from%20The%20Sporting%20Magazine%20Apr%201795png.png" title="Richard Tattersall, founder of Tattersall's from The Sporting Magazine (1795)" width="285" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Richard Tattersall, founder of Tattersall's <br />from <i>The Sporting Magazine</i> (1795)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Tattersall’s Repository was founded
by Richard Tattersall (1725–1795)—stud-groom for Evelyn Pierrepoint, 2<sup>nd</sup>
Duke of Kingston.<sub>3</sub></div> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In 1766 Richard purchased a 99-year
lease of property near Hyde Park Corner from Lord Grosvenor and opened his
business as a horse and hound auctioneer.<sub>4</sub></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Sporting Magazine</i> (1795)
wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Although there were occasional
sales by auction, of horses, at the time when Mr Tattersall commenced his
business, yet there was no regular repository, nor fixed sales at stated
periods. This was an inconvenience felt by the public, and particularly by those
who had studs of race-horses. </i></blockquote></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Mr Tattersall, who was well known
to the gentlemen of the turf, and to the horse-dealers, offered his services as
an auctioneer, and solicited their patronage. Lord Grosvenor warmly espoused
him, and built for him those extensive and commodious premises at
Hyde-park-corner.<sub>5</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Old and New London</i> (1878) pinpoints
the location:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>At the south-eastern corner of St
George’s Hospital, where now is Grosvenor Crescent, was formerly the entrance
to Tattersall’s celebrated auction-mart…The building itself, at the back,
occupied part of the grounds of Lanesborough House.<sub>6</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>A family business</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Tattersall’s Repository was a family
business. Richard Tattersall—“Old Tatt”—took his son Edmund (1758–1810) into business
with him, and in turn, Edmund took his son, another Richard (1785–1859), into
partnership in 1806. It was this Richard who was running Tattersall’s during
the Regency period. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>What was Tattersall’s like?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHLlaQZ_QtfTMtGCcUkTIu4GRHJ5Ss3hrdcmG1wRtb9i-tt3HqMXjqa12FG0Xe80ND3zdA2fBp6qKaMvLMVWZnYPfj1txwpphuYMKM9O54dWj1ajDIvj0smDROdhPnLiaz6xg_Wp4YiUuYyJOXQ00HFifZLW5CY2cgqlDeqmRDDhO79VgkrdUtc_cC/s811/Entrance%20to%20Old%20Tattersall's%20in%20Old%20and%20New%20London%20vol%205png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Entrance to Old Tattersall's from Old and New London Vol 5 (1878)" border="0" data-original-height="593" data-original-width="811" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHLlaQZ_QtfTMtGCcUkTIu4GRHJ5Ss3hrdcmG1wRtb9i-tt3HqMXjqa12FG0Xe80ND3zdA2fBp6qKaMvLMVWZnYPfj1txwpphuYMKM9O54dWj1ajDIvj0smDROdhPnLiaz6xg_Wp4YiUuYyJOXQ00HFifZLW5CY2cgqlDeqmRDDhO79VgkrdUtc_cC/w400-h293/Entrance%20to%20Old%20Tattersall's%20in%20Old%20and%20New%20London%20vol%205png.png" title="The Entrance to Old Tattersall's from Old and New London Vol 5 (1878)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The Entrance to Old Tattersall's</i> <br />from <i>Old and New London </i>Vol 5 by E Walford (1878)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>The fullest description I’ve found
is in <i>Old and New London</i> (1878):<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The entry was through an arched
passage and down and incline “drive,” at the bottom of which was a public-house
or “tap,” designated “The Turf,” for the accommodation of the throngs of
grooms, jockeys, and poorer horse-dealers and horse-fanciers. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>On the left, an open gateway led
into a garden-like enclosure, with a single tree in the centre rising from the
middle of a grass-plot, surrounded by a circular path of yellow sand or gravel.
</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Immediately beyond the gateway
was the subscription-room; this building, though small, was admirably adapted
for the purposes for which it was designed, and it contained merely as set of
desks arranged in an octagonal form in the centre, where bets were recorded,
and money paid over. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>On the right of the passage, a covered
gateway led into the court-yard, where the principal business of the place was
carried on; this was surrounded on three sides by a covered way, and at the
extremity of one side stood the auctioneer’s rostrum, overlooking the whole
area.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The stables, where the horses to
be sold were kept in the interim, were close at hand, and admirably arranged
for light and ventilation. In the centre of the enclosure was a domed structure
to an humble but important appendage—a pump.<sub>7</sub></i></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><sub></sub></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgPY4EwR_bFt_3KXHcRyzxC75J8CkKw4XRgnQ8rKGrzFA5jYlhgD_3TPA-DRLlag585Anw0pKnGf8uEBIr6JIYI7Ml7X6ivnr1SuifePQUDcFB_HOW_KUWcDhWsit5YGnYm_Bb405jwd16evxJODGJM307_o8ZHC40SYWTtxkdSyR_uzluhcHUfH9u/s1501/Interior%20of%20the%20Court-yard%20of%20Old%20Tattersall's%20Old%20and%20New%20London%20vol%205png2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Interior of the Court-yard of Old Tattersall's from Old and New London Vol 5 (1878)" border="0" data-original-height="1457" data-original-width="1501" height="389" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgPY4EwR_bFt_3KXHcRyzxC75J8CkKw4XRgnQ8rKGrzFA5jYlhgD_3TPA-DRLlag585Anw0pKnGf8uEBIr6JIYI7Ml7X6ivnr1SuifePQUDcFB_HOW_KUWcDhWsit5YGnYm_Bb405jwd16evxJODGJM307_o8ZHC40SYWTtxkdSyR_uzluhcHUfH9u/w400-h389/Interior%20of%20the%20Court-yard%20of%20Old%20Tattersall's%20Old%20and%20New%20London%20vol%205png2.png" title="Interior of the Court-yard of Old Tattersall's from Old and New London Vol 5 (1878)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Interior of the Court-yard of Old Tattersall's</i> <br />from <i>Old and New London </i>Vol 5 by E Walford (1878)</td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Sale by auction</b></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Auctions were held on Mondays all
year round, and on Thursdays as well, in the height of the season. In 1810, around
100 horses were sold each week, and Tattersall’s received a percentage commission
on each sale.</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>A good saddle-horse cost 40–100
guineas.</li><li>A good pair of coach horses cost 150–400
guineas.</li><li>A top hunter cost around 350 pounds.</li><li>A racehorse cost about 1,500 pounds.</li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The premises were huge and could
accommodate 120 horses. The sellers paid Tattersall’s a moderate fee for looking
after their animals while awaiting sale, which was usually only a few days.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The horses to be sold in the main auction
on Monday arrived on the previous Friday, and gentlemen could view the horses
awaiting sale. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>According to The Microcosm of
London</i>:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>On the mornings when there is no
sale, this Repository is a fashionable lounge for sporting gentlemen. The
horses, &c. are then examined, their merits or defects considered, and
sporting intelligence from all parts of the country detailed and disseminated.<sub>8</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Picture of London for 1818</i>
is more specific:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Equestrians will be highly
gratified every Sunday morning from twelve to two, at Tattersalls, where there
is an exhibition of fine horses for sale, and often an assemblage of gentlemen
of the first rank.<sub>9</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Whole studs were sold at Tattersall’s,
such as those of the Duke of Kingston (1774) and George, Prince of Wales (1786).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The Tattersall family developed their
own stud. Old Tatt famously bought the unbeaten racehorse <i>Highflyer</i> for
the incredible sum of £2,500 in 1779.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Though famous for selling horses, Tattersall’s
also sold hounds and other dogs, and carriages and coach harnesses, by private
contract. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQn7sE0nDEUNj2f2FbE3vXNtQ_bsPsZ1zGQANeQzdK_aGPi8n_qpJ1r8SZvqcVLZnqAUwkavie_e_mwl40FQnbb-nB7JjADb_FDPica3AKUemD_ogYrWEwGU4ToAxy59BJdhSKLAZ0sbyeEVLDoNWf3X6fCLGUz-HREBpGT4WmqFCaA-SmRzkaECYF/s831/Tattersals%20from%20Tom%20and%20Jerry's%20Life%20in%20London%20by%20Egan%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="A "Look in" at Tattersall's from Tom and Jerry: Life in London by E Pierce (1821)" border="0" data-original-height="459" data-original-width="831" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQn7sE0nDEUNj2f2FbE3vXNtQ_bsPsZ1zGQANeQzdK_aGPi8n_qpJ1r8SZvqcVLZnqAUwkavie_e_mwl40FQnbb-nB7JjADb_FDPica3AKUemD_ogYrWEwGU4ToAxy59BJdhSKLAZ0sbyeEVLDoNWf3X6fCLGUz-HREBpGT4WmqFCaA-SmRzkaECYF/w400-h221/Tattersals%20from%20Tom%20and%20Jerry's%20Life%20in%20London%20by%20Egan%20png.png" title="A "Look in" at Tattersall's from Tom and Jerry: Life in London by E Pierce (1821)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>A "Look in" at Tattersall's</i> from <i>Tom and Jerry: Life in London</i> <br />by E Pierce (1821)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b></b></div><b>Why was Tattersall’s so successful?</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Old and New London</i> described
Tattersall’s as</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>…renowned through all the breadth
and length of horse-loving, horse-breeding, horse-racing Europe.<sub>10</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Microcosm of London</i> echoed
this:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>This Repository has ever
possessed an acknowledged pre-eminence over every establishment of a similar
character, and may be justly considered as of much public utility. It greatly
facilitates the business of buying and selling horses, &c. and attracts
both parties to meet each other in the market; while the liberal dealings of
the late and present proprietors have entitled them to receive that patronage
which they have so long experienced.<sub>11</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">But why was it so successful? </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Tattersall’s was successful because it filled a gap in the
market, connecting those who wanted to buy and sell horses through regular
sales by auction. Old Tatt’s connections in London and Newmarket amongst the horseracing
fraternity helped build Tattersall’s early reputation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">But according to <i>The Sporting
Magazine</i> (1795), another factor that contributed to Old Tatt’s success in
establishing the business was his willingness to give credit to his customers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>At other auctions the buyer
generally pays a sum as a deposit when the lot is knocked down to him, and he
is obliged to pay the remainder when it is taken away. But at Tattersall's,
most men who were not of a very inferior order, or a disreputable class in
life, took away the articles which they bought without making any deposit at
the time of sale, and afterwards paid the purchase-money when it was convenient
to them.<sub>12</sub></i></blockquote></div><i> </i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">It continued:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Gentlemen who sell, are often
obliged to buy horses; with such he kept a running account, and served as a
kind of banker to them. In some instances the balance was against him, but it
was generally much in his favour. Those who had large studs to dispose of,
found their account in enabling him to give credit. It increased the number of
bidders, and always enhanced the price of the horses.<sub>13</sub></i></blockquote></div><i> </i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtqYT18wyWtByvep3J10Tue98_MapBTkvRI8A53M1rRHzkePVO99vexxx6SPCKA4l7gUoSJ4UHdMgHhgxDW1n6t7UaupeiBhww83P2UBkpdM9RIhFCwqMvLB_vuWkp13fwLC4vuAJm5UFkl6EVQ2k7AGVUX4AhMA7uv6vQ3FbguS5pvOPj3peasd63/s957/Tattersals%20from%20Real%20Life%20in%20London%20by%20Egan%20via%20Gutenbergpng.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Tattersall's from Real Life in London by E Pierce (1821)" border="0" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="957" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtqYT18wyWtByvep3J10Tue98_MapBTkvRI8A53M1rRHzkePVO99vexxx6SPCKA4l7gUoSJ4UHdMgHhgxDW1n6t7UaupeiBhww83P2UBkpdM9RIhFCwqMvLB_vuWkp13fwLC4vuAJm5UFkl6EVQ2k7AGVUX4AhMA7uv6vQ3FbguS5pvOPj3peasd63/w400-h213/Tattersals%20from%20Real%20Life%20in%20London%20by%20Egan%20via%20Gutenbergpng.png" title="Tattersall's from Real Life in London by E Pierce (1821)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Tattersalls</i> <i>- Tom and Bob looking out for a good one, among the deep ones</i> from <i>Real Life in London</i> by E Pierce (1821)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b></b></div><b>The betting room</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Tattersall’s was a fashionable venue
for sporting gentlemen. A subscription room or betting room was set aside for the
use of gentlemen of the turf, supported by a subscription of a guinea a year by
its members. Here, bets were laid and settled. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Here the gentlemen of the turf assembled
every sale day to lay wagers on the events of distant races, and here they met
to pay and receive the money won and lost.<sub>14</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Sporting Magazine</i> regularly
reported the betting at Tattersall’s for the upcoming race meetings and boxing
matches.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Microcosm of London</i> said:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Here the generality of bets which
relate to the turf are settled, at whatever place they<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>may originate; as it is not the custom, among
these noblemen and gentlemen, to pay on the spot where the bets have been lost,
but, on the return of the respective parties to town, at Tattersall's: so that
this Repository is become a kind of exchange for gentlemen of the turf. Debts
of this kind are settled here to an incredible amount.<sub>15</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyXk0996N_JlwYGTGZkXro8geUUJXBspJJ4mOPgbSCWam8YnVmLQSSjKo-BUfKrFvt8gvu5XW-2N24tdff-H4kQthrQ015NEu7Rb35fwCYqpFE55tvvD7ZJebdDf6nF60QFKqPGm2cCy4wwFp8qPVXWx-otP3NSECKQyTlyGlkDpd2IeKcUDcoiOsq/s1219/Tattersalls%20from%20English%20Spy%20by%20B%20Blackmantle%20ill%20R%20Cruikshank1825png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Monday after the 'Great St Leger' or Heroes of the Turf paying & receiving at Tattersalls by R Cruikshank from The English Spy by B Blackmantle (1825)" border="0" data-original-height="687" data-original-width="1219" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyXk0996N_JlwYGTGZkXro8geUUJXBspJJ4mOPgbSCWam8YnVmLQSSjKo-BUfKrFvt8gvu5XW-2N24tdff-H4kQthrQ015NEu7Rb35fwCYqpFE55tvvD7ZJebdDf6nF60QFKqPGm2cCy4wwFp8qPVXWx-otP3NSECKQyTlyGlkDpd2IeKcUDcoiOsq/w400-h225/Tattersalls%20from%20English%20Spy%20by%20B%20Blackmantle%20ill%20R%20Cruikshank1825png.png" title="Monday after the 'Great St Leger' or Heroes of the Turf paying & receiving at Tattersalls by R Cruikshank from The English Spy by B Blackmantle (1825)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Monday after the 'Great St Leger' <br /> or Heroes of the Turf paying & receiving at Tattersalls</i> <br />by R Cruikshank from <i>The English Spy </i>by B Blackmantle (1825)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b></b></div><b>After the Regency</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Tattersall’s moved to a new location
in Knightsbridge in 1865 when the 99-year lease on the Hyde Park corner site expired.
It remained in the control of the Tattersall family until the 1940s, and is
still one of the leading bloodstock auctioneers in Europe today.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew. </span></span></div><p></p>
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<p>Notes
</p><ol>
<li><i>The Sporting Magazine </i>(1811).</li>
<li> Walford, Edward, <i>Old and New London: A narrative of its history, its people, and its places </i>Volume 5 (1878).</li>
<li>Sometimes the Duke of Kingston’s family name is written as Pierrepont.</li>
<li> There are two dates I have come across for the foundation of Tattersall’s. 1766 is the date given on the Tattersall’s website for the founding of their firm, and this is supported by Vamplew’s article of the Tattersall family in the <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. It also ties in with the move to Knightsbridge after the 99-year lease expired. <i>The Microcosm of London</i> and some other sources set the date as 1773—the year Richard Tattersall’s employer, the Duke of Kingston, died. </li>
<li> <i>The Sporting Magazine</i> (1795).</li>
<li> Walford op cit.</li>
<li>Ibid.</li>
<li> Ackermann, Rudolph and Combe, William, <i>The Microcosm of London or London in Miniature</i> (1808-1810, reprinted 1904) Volume 3.</li>
<li>Feltham, John, <i>The Picture of London for 1818 </i>(1818).</li>
<li> Walford op cit.</li>
<li> Ackermann op cit.</li>
<li><i>The Sporting Magazine</i> (1795).</li>
<li>Ibid.</li>
<li>Ibid.</li>
<li>Ackermann op cit.</li></ol><p></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">Sources used include:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">Ackermann, Rudolph and Combe,
William, <i>The Microcosm of London or London in Miniature</i> (1808-1810,
reprinted 1904) Volume 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">Blackmantle, Bernard, <i>The English
Spy</i>, illustrated by Robert Cruikshank (1825) </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">Egan, Pierce, <i>Real Life in London
or the rambles and adventures of Bob Tallyho, Esq, and his cousin, the Hon Tom
Dashall, through the metropolis</i> (1905 based on 1821 edition) </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">Egan, Pierce, <i>Tom and Jerry: Life
in London or the day and night scenes of Jerry Hawthorn Esq and his elegant
friend Tom</i> (First published<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1821; 1869)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">Feltham, John, <i>The Picture of
London for 1818</i> (1818) </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i>The Sporting Magazine</i>
(various)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">Vamplew, Wray, <i>Tattersall family</i>
(c1765-1940) <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (Oxford University
Press 2004)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">Walford, Edward, <i>Old and New
London: A narrative of its history, its people, and its places</i> Volume 5 (1878)</p><p></p><p></p>Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-32499279707837640062022-10-27T14:48:00.004+01:002023-03-18T16:10:27.150+00:00Fashionable Goodness: Christianity in Jane Austen's England by Brenda S Cox - book review & author interview<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5AQxAsiVOJlpSZ3B1w0uUCB8nRARxa1TPZ7yptuXyNSxb6lXWLxelBr50qYjo_eDJZQC02zYoqPS-z6agF15_6BT2U4C3xLMiB3MbIRw8uKTSa7gU0B9CtKTnSEXKrB0yCcD5F28RLOaSs1CqaHjtqwY_UngiekYxNcZull4jzLNMejwYLu9GJ3ge/s390/Fashionable%20Goodness.jpg"><img alt="Front cover of Fashionable Goodness by Brenda S Cox - Regency couple standing outside church" border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="258" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5AQxAsiVOJlpSZ3B1w0uUCB8nRARxa1TPZ7yptuXyNSxb6lXWLxelBr50qYjo_eDJZQC02zYoqPS-z6agF15_6BT2U4C3xLMiB3MbIRw8uKTSa7gU0B9CtKTnSEXKrB0yCcD5F28RLOaSs1CqaHjtqwY_UngiekYxNcZull4jzLNMejwYLu9GJ3ge/w265-h400/Fashionable%20Goodness.jpg" title="Front cover of Fashionable Goodness by Brenda S Cox" width="265" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">You won’t travel very far in England without encountering a
parish church building. Likewise, you won’t read much Jane Austen before
running into a reference to the church.
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The Church of England was deeply embedded in the landscape
that Austen lived in and wrote about. But just as many of England’s church
buildings are now considered relics, the references to church in her writing
are seen as throwbacks to another time. The world she inhabited is no more.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">What many Austen fans don’t realise is that there are
subtleties and humour that escape the modern reader. While we can still laugh
at the absurd Mr Collins in <i>Pride and Prejudice</i>, or Mr Elton in <i>Emma</i>,
we can’t appreciate the depth of the humour or the pathos as Austen intended. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">However, we can now get closer to it with the help of Brenda
Cox’s excellent new book, <i>Fashionable Goodness: Christianity in Jane Austen’s
England</i>. Motivated by her own Christianity and love of Austen’s works, Brenda
sought to better understand faith and church in Regency England.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXqADeubEjd-BVs9D6KRsDIKK6fpadc0wzKzf2duDgxDaM-Sxk_6othM4icLSXVfxAMnJxqScMSeUr2WxxzTWj6ZSntnIomEv7yzonCPqEwaRf8puv1cGdYwgrCg5dfW98pj89XEIpsF3bX6C9hOmJFjH9hF1uEQseTNO1YWy_gz2MyYFOOie1JV7E/s575/Charlotte%20and%20Collins%20from%20PandP%201894%20ill%20Hugh%20Thomson%20adj.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Mr Collins and Charlotte Lucas by Hugh Thomson in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1896 edition" border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="423" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXqADeubEjd-BVs9D6KRsDIKK6fpadc0wzKzf2duDgxDaM-Sxk_6othM4icLSXVfxAMnJxqScMSeUr2WxxzTWj6ZSntnIomEv7yzonCPqEwaRf8puv1cGdYwgrCg5dfW98pj89XEIpsF3bX6C9hOmJFjH9hF1uEQseTNO1YWy_gz2MyYFOOie1JV7E/w294-h400/Charlotte%20and%20Collins%20from%20PandP%201894%20ill%20Hugh%20Thomson%20adj.png" title="Mr Collins and Charlotte Lucas by Hugh Thomson in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1896 edition" width="294" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mr Collins and Charlotte Lucas<br /> by Hugh Thomson in <i>Pride and Prejudice<br /> </i>by Jane Austen 1896 edition </td></tr></tbody></table><b>Fashionable Goodness: a
resource for readers and writers </b>
<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Brenda wanted to write her own version of an Austen story,
but soon realised that to do so meant knowing more about how the church
operated in England at that time. Unable to find a book that told her
everything she wanted to know, she decided to write one herself. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">It was a labour of love that took nearly ten years. The
result is an in-depth study not only into the church, but also into Austen’s
own experience of faith and religious institutions. It describes how this
coloured her writing. This analysis is both broad and deep. It includes
discussion of how the clergy were organised, how people worshipped, the
different types of church buildings and the typical work of a clergyman.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The book also discusses faith in the community, attitudes to
elopement, adultery and divorce, along with the relationship between faith and
science.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">However, Brenda doesn’t stop there—that’s just part one. In
part two she discusses the challenges facing the Church of England during Jane
Austen’s time. Part three looks at outreach and the legacy of church.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Chapters cover the Methodist movement, parishioners of
colour, Nonconformists and dissenters, and the abolitionist movement. Brenda
profiles a number of high-profile Christians such as John Newton (author of
Amazing Grace), <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2012/04/william-wilberforce-1759-1833.html" target="_blank">William Wilberforce</a>, and <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2012/07/hannah-more-1745-1833.html" target="_blank">Hannah More</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">It’s easy to forget that the church in Jane Austen’s day had
deep medieval roots. This was reflected in complicated, arcane structures that
defied easy explanation. These fed into the language of the church, which used
terms like<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beneficed clergyman, living,
advowson, glebe land and prebend stall. Brenda’s book explains all of these,
and much more. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2JbNJKIEyokvYWYHnY2m3R70gBqCt-7djG3rlNCFZSa0enQqdv1Y-zQoNy1V1beMy1eKpHS-hqlZa6cd3LUYINcwJbiJD_VUE6L6jATZ1BfOqEmk-s-LyXmj1B7A1awgINfrpAF9NRt_tsj85Y9nrj0tFJJ5IhZxY1hSeoakbEBNZ3ReGWyagglLW/s551/Hannah%20More%20from%20William%20Roberts'%20Memoirs%20of%20the%20life%20and%20correspondence%20of%20Mrs%20Hannah%20More%201835%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Hannah More from Memoirs of the life and correspondence of Mrs Hannah More by William Roberts (1835)" border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="441" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2JbNJKIEyokvYWYHnY2m3R70gBqCt-7djG3rlNCFZSa0enQqdv1Y-zQoNy1V1beMy1eKpHS-hqlZa6cd3LUYINcwJbiJD_VUE6L6jATZ1BfOqEmk-s-LyXmj1B7A1awgINfrpAF9NRt_tsj85Y9nrj0tFJJ5IhZxY1hSeoakbEBNZ3ReGWyagglLW/w256-h320/Hannah%20More%20from%20William%20Roberts'%20Memoirs%20of%20the%20life%20and%20correspondence%20of%20Mrs%20Hannah%20More%201835%20png.png" title="Hannah More from Memoirs of the life and correspondence of Mrs Hannah More by William Roberts (1835)" width="256" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hannah More<br />
from <i>Memoirs of the life and correspondence </i><br />
<i>of Mrs Hannah More </i>by William Roberts (1835)</td></tr></tbody></table><b>Thorough, in-depth and well
referenced</b>
<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">All this material is backed by glossaries and comprehensive
notes. There are nearly 100 pages of reference material. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">I was given a digital pre-publication copy of the book, so I
can’t judge its size and weight. However, the number of pages imply that it’s
sizeable.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Brenda states that she started looking into faith and church
in the time of Jane Austen as research for a novel. But she learned so much
that she wanted to share it with others who, like her, loved Austen and the
church.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Arguably, she could have appealed to a wider audience by
sharing less. Many researchers, excited by the wealth of their discoveries, are
tempted to share everything they have learned. There will be some who
appreciate that depth, while others would prefer a summarised approach.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">There’s little to criticise in Brenda’s work. Inevitably,
given the depth she goes to, the same passages of Austen are referred to over
and over, with different emphasis. In some sections there’s quite a lot of
explanations, or the reader is referred to the many pages of notes, or the
comprehensive glossary. This is inevitable, given the unfamiliar and sometimes
confusing terminology used by the church.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ60c7IMtZRrfiCsiiemKwcaari4PZ1G2ItkHnEuL0iAVKt4O-oIkJ01PbzVWwl2vu2Rc2DkJZ0b6e5T6h3qIn6VWF2BBHkVDDB9QxaXZpsoo_fstmBtDlfAFmCyEfr7MCpa7DL_4a4gdhTE_KK9eiLyjSJZc6dLYK6dmZ683RjzPhll3C_Qo-Gcov/s2048/Loughwood%20chapel%20box%20pews.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Box pews, Loughwood Meeting House, Devon (2015)" border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ60c7IMtZRrfiCsiiemKwcaari4PZ1G2ItkHnEuL0iAVKt4O-oIkJ01PbzVWwl2vu2Rc2DkJZ0b6e5T6h3qIn6VWF2BBHkVDDB9QxaXZpsoo_fstmBtDlfAFmCyEfr7MCpa7DL_4a4gdhTE_KK9eiLyjSJZc6dLYK6dmZ683RjzPhll3C_Qo-Gcov/w400-h300/Loughwood%20chapel%20box%20pews.jpg" title="Box pews, Loughwood Meeting House, Devon (2015)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Box pews, Loughwood Meeting House, Devon (2015)</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><b>A fascinating read containing
a wealth of stories</b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Brenda’s work makes a fascinating read for anyone who (like
me) loves to dig deep into the world of the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries. So often I’m left wanting more— not so with this book.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The book contains a wealth of stories about Christians who
lived around the time of Jane Austen. I was intrigued to learn about ‘spiritual
routs’ hosted by Lady Huntingdon, the faith of property-owning black man
Ignatius Sancho, and the evangelical fervour of Charles Simeon. Austen may have
known about some, even all, of these people. While they, or characters like
them, do not appear in her novels, they were part of the world around her. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">I highly recommend Brenda’s book to anyone seeking to better
understand the thoughts behind church and clergy references in Jane Austen. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">From our twenty-first century perspective it’s easy to
forget how deeply church and faith influenced every aspect of life in Jane Austen’s
England. Any author claiming to write historical fiction of this period, and
who wants to be taken seriously, can’t afford to neglect this.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Andrew interviews Brenda S Cox</b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="261" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/utLGzO0aA4c" width="481" youtube-src-id="utLGzO0aA4c"></iframe></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
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</xml><![endif]--><a href="https://mybook.to/FashionableGoodness" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Buy </span><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Fashionable Goodness: Christianity in Jane
Austen’s England</span></i></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>About the author </b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIx9dJpMRKa0XknKQAp3IjhZYEWvZpR0rA4xfPwg0NLoF7w6xRilurmNJABFU11zTRe6XtKifAOIVGoinfGBvtNJnviK1BzSW0MruJeAdBCuGOXEREdsLM2vtOK9iWQQEZ7PZ7Jd1pig-UPHMHoYM5tpyXwSJcnqd5qvVymoT20I-zzSvXejgSMAzM/s1024/Brenda%20S%20Cox.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Photo of Brenda S Cox" border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1024" height="97" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIx9dJpMRKa0XknKQAp3IjhZYEWvZpR0rA4xfPwg0NLoF7w6xRilurmNJABFU11zTRe6XtKifAOIVGoinfGBvtNJnviK1BzSW0MruJeAdBCuGOXEREdsLM2vtOK9iWQQEZ7PZ7Jd1pig-UPHMHoYM5tpyXwSJcnqd5qvVymoT20I-zzSvXejgSMAzM/w200-h194/Brenda%20S%20Cox.png" title="Photo of Brenda S Cox" width="100" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Brenda S Cox has loved Jane Austen since she came across a copy of <i>Emma</i> as a young adult; she went out and bought a whole set of the novels as soon as she finished it! She has spent years researching the church in Austen’s England, visiting English churches and reading hundreds of books and articles, including many written by Austen’s contemporaries. She speaks at Jane Austen Society of North America meetings (including three AGMs) and writes for Persuasions On-Line (JASNA journal) and the websites Jane Austen’s World and <a href="https://brendascox.wordpress.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Faith, Science, Joy, and Jane Austen</a>. </div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>You will look at Mr. Collins, the Crawfords, the Dashwoods, the Tilneys, the Wickhams, and Willoughbys<span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">—</span>and especially Fanny Price!<span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">—</span>with new and surprising insights. Bravo to Brenda Cox for giving us this very accessible, illuminating take on the ‘fashionable goodness’ of Austen’s era!</i> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">Deborah Barnum, <i>Jane Austen in Vermont</i></p></blockquote><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who wrote this review. </span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage us and help us to keep making our research freely available, please buy us a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p><p>
<iframe height="712" id="kofiframe" src="https://ko-fi.com/regencyhistory/?hidefeed=true&widget=true&embed=true&preview=true" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: none; padding: 4px; width: 100%;" title="regencyhistory"></iframe> </p><p>© RegencyHistory.net <br /></p>Andrew Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02866928501693775023noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-51570962382831490232022-07-01T15:12:00.003+01:002022-07-01T15:15:45.465+01:00A Regency History guide to the British Army in 1815<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt;"><i></i><i></i></p><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><i><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2-FcaHERDjakidyXfSEjJahN3DIcpRxHGlwBIwSG23ND6SoCtS9Q4A5G6qcxGxyhqJ-0FCKKAWyBcV9aMwT5VYHZisaVtILDVUte9cMrIiC8KH3BtgRWDYhG1PfVirLml4UpWyscCxzV8wYitmsIbkNly2E9gxsCcjK6PNsSuCtnMb4QQbRwh18QR/s1504/The%20wars%20of%20Wellington,%20a%20narrative%20poem%20-%20the%20battle%20of%20Waterloo%202%20by%20Dr%20Syntax%20illus%20WHeath%20and%20JCStadler%201819%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Battle of Waterloo from The wars of Wellington, a narrative poem by Dr Syntax, illustrated by W Heath & JC Stadler (1819)" border="0" data-original-height="880" data-original-width="1504" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2-FcaHERDjakidyXfSEjJahN3DIcpRxHGlwBIwSG23ND6SoCtS9Q4A5G6qcxGxyhqJ-0FCKKAWyBcV9aMwT5VYHZisaVtILDVUte9cMrIiC8KH3BtgRWDYhG1PfVirLml4UpWyscCxzV8wYitmsIbkNly2E9gxsCcjK6PNsSuCtnMb4QQbRwh18QR/w400-h234/The%20wars%20of%20Wellington,%20a%20narrative%20poem%20-%20the%20battle%20of%20Waterloo%202%20by%20Dr%20Syntax%20illus%20WHeath%20and%20JCStadler%201819%20png.png" title="The Battle of Waterloo from The wars of Wellington, a narrative poem by Dr Syntax, illustrated by W Heath & JC Stadler (1819)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Battle of Waterloo from <i>The wars of Wellington, a narrative poem<br />
</i> by Dr Syntax, illustrated by W Heath & JC Stadler (1819)</td></tr></tbody></table>Such carnage I never before
beheld. The firing of guns etc was so great that the man next to me could not
hear my orders.</i></blockquote><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: left;"></p><blockquote>Captain Joseph Logan, 2nd
Battalion 95th Foot, writing from Paris a month after the Battle of Waterloo.<sub>1</sub></blockquote><sub></sub><p></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Captain Logan was one of the
thousands of British soldiers on the battlefield that June day in 1815. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Every one of those thousands of
soldiers could tell their own tale of British Army life. They’d have stories of
how they were recruited, of hours of drill and practice, of travelling to new
places and of strict regulations and tough discipline. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2015/06/waterloo-part-3-18-june-1815.html" target="_blank">You can read more about the Battle of Waterloo here. </a><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Like Captain Logan, many would
also have graphic stories from battlefields in India, North and South America,
Portugal and Spain and, of course, the rolling Belgian countryside at Waterloo.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The British Army of 1815 had
been honed by years of active confrontation and battle, most recently with
France, in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery and More
</b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">There were many different types
of soldier in the British Army of 1815.
Each type performed a different function, both on and off the battlefield.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEDwaAmwX4M33fq4dwTATIrBoXMjHU23DptS4IJgdEidXScUPiJs2YZGe-qqKg4zJ1dwsybFPKe14_ce6atcTUEJ8mGR0mED_PxnLYbacmuLW8X2flMdilDNjzjkJaFkDR4zQg3nQL8P3Prn-lRUt905rAloxS_nF57xlC6w3vJE7uEPZeAjRYb3DW/s3049/Chalke%20Valley%20history%20fair%20reenactors%209%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Reenactors at Chalke Valley history fair (2013)" border="0" data-original-height="2489" data-original-width="3049" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEDwaAmwX4M33fq4dwTATIrBoXMjHU23DptS4IJgdEidXScUPiJs2YZGe-qqKg4zJ1dwsybFPKe14_ce6atcTUEJ8mGR0mED_PxnLYbacmuLW8X2flMdilDNjzjkJaFkDR4zQg3nQL8P3Prn-lRUt905rAloxS_nF57xlC6w3vJE7uEPZeAjRYb3DW/w400-h326/Chalke%20Valley%20history%20fair%20reenactors%209%20png.png" title="Reenactors at Chalke Valley history fair (2013)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reenactors at Chalke Valley history fair (2013)</td></tr></tbody></table><b>Infantry</b><p style="text-align: justify;">The bulk of the British Army in
1815 were foot soldiers. As such, they walked everywhere - or rather, marched,
carrying everything they needed with them.
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Rifleman Harris served in the British Army from 1802 to 1814. He recalled:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>I am convinced that many of
our infantry sank and died under the weight of their knapsacks...Besides my well-filled kit,
there was the great-coat rolled on its top, my blanket and camp kettle, my
haversack, stuffed full of leather for repairing the men’s shoes, together with
a hammer and other tools, ship-biscuit and beef for three days. I also carried
my canteen filled with water, my hatchet and rifle, and eighty rounds of ball
cartridge in my pouch.<sub>2</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Harris was no longer with the
army in 1815, but he served as part of Wellington’s army in the Peninsula Wars.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Infantrymen were known as ‘red
coats’, because of the colour of their jackets. They were armed with a musket
and a bayonet. There were two battalions of rifles, which were more accurate
than muskets. </p><div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Cavalry </span></b></div><p><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPLw0SiWel9aN8uW2uWerw6y9Uo6iafMlOrxnS2NjHzdv8YEkcSeNpQthlPHj83V3Rf7AHEfb7vL9xpss0rLJHXvmcUSgw-9n0aePV6H8pGphAbgxosIInGjTJW4p6OXxGyQ7qxp3u6xGeioqerpUaHVBUvMJ4ySJZJBOS1m4LERYIRoLH_QMgkA93/s3133/Marquis%20of%20Anglesea%20wounded%20by%20leading%20charge%20Waterloo%201815%20Yale%20Centre%20of%20British%20Art%20png%202.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Marquis of Anglesea wounded whilst leading a charge of heavy cavalry at the close of the Battle of Waterloo (1815) Print by M Dubourg after JA Atkinson (1815) Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection" border="0" data-original-height="1881" data-original-width="3133" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPLw0SiWel9aN8uW2uWerw6y9Uo6iafMlOrxnS2NjHzdv8YEkcSeNpQthlPHj83V3Rf7AHEfb7vL9xpss0rLJHXvmcUSgw-9n0aePV6H8pGphAbgxosIInGjTJW4p6OXxGyQ7qxp3u6xGeioqerpUaHVBUvMJ4ySJZJBOS1m4LERYIRoLH_QMgkA93/w400-h240/Marquis%20of%20Anglesea%20wounded%20by%20leading%20charge%20Waterloo%201815%20Yale%20Centre%20of%20British%20Art%20png%202.png" title="The Marquis of Anglesea wounded whilst leading a charge of heavy cavalry at the close of the Battle of Waterloo (1815) Print by M Dubourg after JA Atkinson (1815) Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Marquis of Anglesea wounded whilst leading a charge <br />of heavy cavalry at the close of the Battle of Waterloo<br />Print by M Dubourg after JA Atkinson (1815)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Being on horseback, the cavalry
was the most glamorous unit in the British Army. They were also the shock
troops, having both a height and speed advantage over foot soldiers.
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Captain Charles Edward
Radclyffe wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>The charge of the heavy
cavalry in line was a magnificent sight, and I have every reason to believe
they did everything to justify the high expectations their appearance had
excited.<sub>3</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Cavalry were armed with a sabre
and a carbine, a light pistol.</p>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Artillery</span></b></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8TCkzlvV7cvdPgBMHZ2zCFqR0_gCUaRCPdIbbpht1PGK4S0HxaK9zRKevVpzWTkoVJZcZhiN34U-vBX_JPwnKqMBleSXE3hXIgrcA9j-KWyNygp_JTnSRnuqsx1OEADZ37cpZTTlaFGv0I4dnBieryLWKaEaIgshoMCBRI7XBhTDC50iVvwFCqzYJ/s5120/Waterloo%20battery%20bronze%206%20pounders%20seized%20at%20Waterloo.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Waterloo battery - bronze 6-pounder seized at the Battle of Waterloo - Tower of London (2016)" border="0" data-original-height="3413" data-original-width="5120" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8TCkzlvV7cvdPgBMHZ2zCFqR0_gCUaRCPdIbbpht1PGK4S0HxaK9zRKevVpzWTkoVJZcZhiN34U-vBX_JPwnKqMBleSXE3hXIgrcA9j-KWyNygp_JTnSRnuqsx1OEADZ37cpZTTlaFGv0I4dnBieryLWKaEaIgshoMCBRI7XBhTDC50iVvwFCqzYJ/w400-h266/Waterloo%20battery%20bronze%206%20pounders%20seized%20at%20Waterloo.jpg" title="Waterloo battery - bronze 6-pounder seized at the Battle of Waterloo - Tower of London (2016)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Waterloo battery - bronze 6-pounder gun seized at the <br />Battle of Waterloo - Tower of London (2016)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">The British infantry and
cavalry of 1815 were supported by three different forms of artillery.</div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The first was the regular
cannon, which typically fired either a solid ball or canister shot—smaller
pieces of shot designed to damage infantry or cavalry. The cannon usually aimed
directly at their target.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Gunner John Edwards of the
Royal Horse Artillery wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>About half past 10 o’clock the
French Imperial Guards dressed in steel armour back and breast plates, they
weigh about 32 pounds, charged up the main road till they came within 600 yards
they extended right and left of the road, we fired case shot at them and swept
them off like a swathe of grass before a scythe.<sub>4</sub></i></blockquote></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The second was the howitzer, a
short-barrelled cannon angled upwards. These fired shot into the air, reaching
targets behind obstacles.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The third was the Congreve
rocket, a relatively new innovation that delivered mixed results. The rockets
were easier to deploy and faster to fire than cannon, but they weren’t always
the most effective. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Years after Waterloo, Henry
Leathes recalled that a rocket launched during the battle opened a gap in the
French ranks “probably from the novelty of such a pyrotechnique salute.”<sub>5</sub></p><p>
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb0W4e2U8k-OTnl_y-wlFa4wHMm2o5JoMkpxAIdjZoSKGomPj73NR22m5632kfMVeZc-V0HzomQPGVBJWlqhC-j_r2aouQbOUtnRyxJFuXTtTUBpJ0DLMuZkFZbtIEZJX245b1VaITGzRBacJ68rI39yex__Fy9L9ESYjIxUbS6eV70ptwgyTHsTHM/s4032/Bronze%203-pounder%201815%20at%20NAM%202022.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bronze 3-pounder gun, 1815 at National Army Museum, London (2022)" border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb0W4e2U8k-OTnl_y-wlFa4wHMm2o5JoMkpxAIdjZoSKGomPj73NR22m5632kfMVeZc-V0HzomQPGVBJWlqhC-j_r2aouQbOUtnRyxJFuXTtTUBpJ0DLMuZkFZbtIEZJX245b1VaITGzRBacJ68rI39yex__Fy9L9ESYjIxUbS6eV70ptwgyTHsTHM/w400-h300/Bronze%203-pounder%201815%20at%20NAM%202022.jpg" title="Bronze 3-pounder gun, 1815 at National Army Museum, London (2022)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bronze 3-pounder gun, 1815 <br />at National Army Museum, London (2022)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Supporting roles</b>
<br />
</p><div style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Royal Engineers </b></p><b>
</b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">The Royal Engineers were formed
a century before 1815 to provide map-making, bridge building, fortifications
and camp drainage systems. They also ran the Army’s postal service.
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Initially the Royal Engineers
comprised only officers, who would hire civilian labour or use private soldiers
to perform the hands-on work of digging and building. However, by 1815 they had
their own private soldiers, known as sappers.</p><p></p></div><p></p><p></p><div style="text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>
<b></b></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Medical services</b>
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMlZ5x4f0rp8zuzPUiBet6Jb_pzRiMes9VBaUy__5hD7eMd2N6wtmy9-hUvv5pEz5YJjUv-AM4KSzMWA-_ZP82U9ZcxTQUsOeaazUv8JGfb455IcMM_Fyo7Lf_iJ7M_nLqIqUd1vb_iri_EyPCZ9T0P1DyhiBjmVUWE0WDUItCE54bvjzI6cBfyQrp/s2741/Saw%20that%20cut%20of%20Uxbridge's%20leg%20NAM%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Saw used to amputate Lord Uxbridge's leg at the Battle of Waterloo (1815) On display in the National Army Museum, London (2022)" border="0" data-original-height="1985" data-original-width="2741" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMlZ5x4f0rp8zuzPUiBet6Jb_pzRiMes9VBaUy__5hD7eMd2N6wtmy9-hUvv5pEz5YJjUv-AM4KSzMWA-_ZP82U9ZcxTQUsOeaazUv8JGfb455IcMM_Fyo7Lf_iJ7M_nLqIqUd1vb_iri_EyPCZ9T0P1DyhiBjmVUWE0WDUItCE54bvjzI6cBfyQrp/w400-h290/Saw%20that%20cut%20of%20Uxbridge's%20leg%20NAM%202.jpg" title="Saw used to amputate Lord Uxbridge's leg at the Battle of Waterloo (1815) On display in the National Army Museum, London (2022)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Saw used to amputate Lord Uxbridge's leg<br /> at the Battle of Waterloo (1815)<br /> On display in the National Army Museum, London (2022)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The British Army had various
medical roles, from Deputy Inspectors of Hospitals to staff surgeons, orderlies
and nurses. Most battalions had a medical officer and a couple of assistants.
</span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">There was no formal process for
getting injured soldiers from the frontline to wherever the medical service was
based. </span></p><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Amputation of damaged limbs was
a common procedure, with around 500 probably being performed during the Battle
of Waterloo. The most well-known was the removal of Lord Uxbridge’s leg. These
and other procedures were performed without anaesthetic. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Deputy Inspector John Hume
wrote:</p>
</span><div style="text-align: justify;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><i>There was but one opinion
amongst us, so having prepared the dressings etc, we returned into the room
where I announced to Lord Uxbridge that the operation being found necessary the
sooner it was performed the better.<sub>6 </sub></i></blockquote><p></p></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Civilians</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">A number of non-military
personnel, typically women, followed the British Army of 1815. Many of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>these camp followers were working class
wives, widows and mothers who had some form of relationship with soldiers. </p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">A number of wives were
permitted to travel with their soldier husbands, both of commissioned and
non-commissioned officers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Other civilians included
clerks, cooks and those associated with transport and supply activities.</p><b>
</b></div><p></p><div><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><h1 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Organisation of the British Army in
1815</span></h1></span></b></div><p><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>
</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">As today, the British Army of
1815 was made up of many different regiments—there were well over 100. Every
regiment has its own history, traditions, insignia and colours (flag). The
oldest regiments trace their history back to the English Civil War in the
mid-1600s</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The Coldstream Guards hold the
honour of being the oldest continuously serving regiment. It was formed in
1650, ten years before the British Army was founded by Charles II in 1660.</span></p><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">A regiment was made up of
battalions, each numbering several hundred men. Some regiments had more than
one battalion and these usually operated independently, rarely fighting
together.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In 1815 most infantry regiments
had been allocated a number and a county designation. The numbering indicated
their seniority, or precedence, which was based on when and where they were
founded.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">This led to regiments having
names such as: </p></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></p><ul><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
<li>54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot</li>
<li>1st Life Guards</li></span></ul><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
Some historic regiments were permitted to keep their name, such as:
<ul><li>Coldstream Guards</li>
<li>Royal Welch Fusiliers</li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: left;">A regiment was led by a
colonel.</p>
<b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Ranks in the British Army of 1815</p></b></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Most men entered the army by
enrolling as a private soldier. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Many never progressed beyond
the rank of private, but they were often referred to with a designation that
represented the branch of the army they were part of, such as Trooper, Gunner,
Sapper, Rifleman etc.</span></p><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;">A private soldier could be
promoted to a non-commissioned officer, such as a corporal or sergeant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>
</b></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBxNgI6-aUKEQs-7g0tIvt9nixOpjH_gaTXDsjAXWeKLdDLBHNVFrT-fdgJKhTkm14bCQkDo3X44iVt58dKxB6xa0SYu25iQ1ss3_ciaVqZ-iPReDO0IK1J6Nixaa1xxRB9cWu1rBCztD6Ixl1YMthbsvza1YyF2PJNJ_yKOofr9tXdsMDzw7YJWhH/s572/Captain's%20uniform%20from%20Lamb's%20book%201809.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="A captain from A book explaining the ranks and dignitaries of British Society (1809)" border="0" data-original-height="572" data-original-width="325" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBxNgI6-aUKEQs-7g0tIvt9nixOpjH_gaTXDsjAXWeKLdDLBHNVFrT-fdgJKhTkm14bCQkDo3X44iVt58dKxB6xa0SYu25iQ1ss3_ciaVqZ-iPReDO0IK1J6Nixaa1xxRB9cWu1rBCztD6Ixl1YMthbsvza1YyF2PJNJ_yKOofr9tXdsMDzw7YJWhH/w228-h400/Captain's%20uniform%20from%20Lamb's%20book%201809.png" title="A captain from A book explaining the ranks and dignitaries of British Society (1809)" width="228" /></a></b></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A captain from <i>A book explaining<br />
the ranks and dignitaries of British Society</i> (1809)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">A second route of entry into
the army was the purchase of a commission. </span></b></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">This allowed a man to join up as an
officer, despite having no military experience or training. Because the
commission had to be paid for, it ensured that most officers came from the
upper levels of society.
</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Some soldiers were promoted
from the ranks on merit, but it wasn’t very common.</span></b></p><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Listing a hierarchy of ranks in
1815 isn’t as simple as it might appear. There were various forms of rank, and
there were exceptions to all of these. It was possible for a specific captain
to be senior to a specific major, depending on the positions they were serving
in.</span></p><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Another example would be a
colonel given the rank of brigadier general while they were leading a brigade
(a force comprising a number of battalions). Once that role was over, they went
back to being a colonel.</span></p></b><b>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Outline of ranks in the army</span></h1>
</b><ul><li>General</li>
<li>Lieutenant general</li>
<li>Major general</li>
<li>Brigadier general</li>
<li>Colonel - one per regiment, and not a rank that could be purchased. </li>
<li>Lieutenant Colonel - between one and three in a regiment. </li>
<li>Major</li>
<li>Captain</li>
<li>Lieutenant</li>
<li>Ensign/Cornet (Infantry/Cavalry) </li>
<li>Sergeant</li>
<li>Corporal</li>
<li>Private</li></ul><b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes clean/Christian Regency era romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who wrote this blog. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span></div>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage me and help me to keep making my research freely available, please buy me a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p><b><p>
<iframe height="712" id="kofiframe" src="https://ko-fi.com/regencyhistory/?hidefeed=true&widget=true&embed=true&preview=true" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: none; padding: 4px; width: 100%;" title="regencyhistory"></iframe> </p></b><b><p><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Notes
</span></p><ol>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Glover, Gareth (editor), <i>The Waterloo Archive Volume I: British Sources</i> (2010) p157, Captain Joseph Logan. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Hibbert, Christopher (editor), <i>The Recollections of Rifleman Harris </i>(1970) p13.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Glover, Gareth (editor), <i>The Waterloo Archive Volume I: British Sources</i> (2010) p23, Captain Charles Edward Radclyffe.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Glover, Gareth (editor), <i>The Waterloo Archive Volume I: British Sources </i>(2010) p102, Gunner John Edwards, Royal Horse Artillery.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Glover, Gareth (editor), <i>The Waterloo Archive Volume I: British Sources</i> (2010) p110, Henry Leathes.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Glover, Gareth (editor), <i>The Waterloo Archive Volume I: British Sources</i> (2010) p215 Deputy Inspector John Hume</span></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sources used include:</span></p><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Burnham, Robert and McGuigan, Ron, The Napoleon Series
(2016)</span></p><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Glover, Gareth (editor), The Waterloo Archive Volume I:
British Sources (2010)</span></p><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hibbert, Christopher (editor), The Recollections of Rifleman
Harris (1970)</span></p><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Simonson, Sheila, Following the drum: British women in the
Peninsular War (1981)</span></p><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sinclair, Joseph, A Soldier of the Seventy-first (2010)</span></p><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://allthingsliberty.com/2016/05/untangling-british-army-ranks/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">All Things Liberty website </a></span></p><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/infantry/coldstream-guards/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">British army website </a><br /></span></p><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/documents-regiments-british-army/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">British Military History website </a><br /></span></p><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.military-history.org/feature/battlefield-medicine-wellingtons-medical-service-at-waterloo.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Military History Matters website </a></span></p><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.nam.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">National Army Museum website </a></span></p><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://collections.royalarmouries.org/battle-of-waterloo/regiments.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Royal Armouries Collections website </a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Photographs © RegencyHistory.net </span><br /></p></b><p></p><p></p>Andrew Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02866928501693775023noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-44026777210205014232022-06-01T16:03:00.001+01:002022-06-01T16:03:59.248+01:00Visiting cards in the Regency<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie96DrY9K-4LndNCufGFbRTGTgIYGdkszyJNXhMIWhqBUskoP1Fbxs84mbVdJMkitQP-BsPO6Kd4jK2qg2QfPlie9skLM4BWl7GBzgNDLUVFfE5aasJ0hUPTkupmeRpH38YOIqNfJj4-hH4Ir0wqUGeRRMK669kkWwwSgjIu8nDw9uzyN31EUr1sW3/s2738/Calling%20cards%20on%20plate%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Copper plate filled with facsimile Regency visiting cards (Rachel Knowles's experimental history 2022)" border="0" data-original-height="2738" data-original-width="2647" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie96DrY9K-4LndNCufGFbRTGTgIYGdkszyJNXhMIWhqBUskoP1Fbxs84mbVdJMkitQP-BsPO6Kd4jK2qg2QfPlie9skLM4BWl7GBzgNDLUVFfE5aasJ0hUPTkupmeRpH38YOIqNfJj4-hH4Ir0wqUGeRRMK669kkWwwSgjIu8nDw9uzyN31EUr1sW3/w386-h400/Calling%20cards%20on%20plate%202.jpg" title="Facsimile Regency visiting cards (Rachel Knowles's experimental history 2022)" width="386" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Facsimile Regency visiting cards <br />(Rachel Knowles's experimental history 2022)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><b>Visiting cards</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Visiting cards
or calling cards were small rectangular pieces of card similar to a business card today. They
were inscribed with a person’s name and often but not always with their address.
An important part of Regency etiquette, visiting cards could be used for initiating
contact with a stranger, as well as letting someone know you had called.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>What did a
Regency visiting card look like?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">They varied in
size and design, but the consistent theme seems to have been small and
rectangular. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Some were plain
rectangles of parchment or card, whereas others came with a pre-printed design
around the edge. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Several of the
printed cards I looked at were by William Sharp (1749–1824) – one of the most
distinguished British line engravers. He engraved plates for trade cards as
well as visiting cards.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHKKOYewrxzYvNUYhYiqOu-SUev2ZicyRaoSHOYRq0Ky3vEtJN-W74QBMJ2IOZ_fGpziL_ZjwbWqSrF3otZhijvrDngjHtOiOhZ74zjNQO2XcMtAZby77QbOePg6kBR__AiliTiNyHyu8N7z6kUCwKrYXK9z4osHZHc6YouK-YKZ-sY4ypGkr1L-UL/s1735/Trade%20card%20for%20William%20Sharp%20at%20Met%20Museum%20DP885194%20adj.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Trade card for William Sharp, Engraver London (1749-1824) The Met Museum DP885194" border="0" data-original-height="1240" data-original-width="1735" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHKKOYewrxzYvNUYhYiqOu-SUev2ZicyRaoSHOYRq0Ky3vEtJN-W74QBMJ2IOZ_fGpziL_ZjwbWqSrF3otZhijvrDngjHtOiOhZ74zjNQO2XcMtAZby77QbOePg6kBR__AiliTiNyHyu8N7z6kUCwKrYXK9z4osHZHc6YouK-YKZ-sY4ypGkr1L-UL/w400-h286/Trade%20card%20for%20William%20Sharp%20at%20Met%20Museum%20DP885194%20adj.png" title="Trade card for William Sharp, Engraver London (1749-1824) The Met Museum DP885194" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Trade card for William Sharp, Engraver<br />
London (1749-1824) The Met Museum DP885194</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Calling cards were
always inscribed with the person’s name. I came across a few examples of cards
with two names on—typically, a lady and her daughter. The cards did not always
include their address. Some mentioned the person’s position. </div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Some cards had
the details handwritten, others had the name engraved onto the card. Some, like Colonel Roche’s card designed by Cipriani, had the name incorporated in an
elaborate design. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search?keyword=Visiting&keyword=cards&image=true&dateFrom=1780&eraFrom=ad&dateTo=1830&eraTo=ad&view=grid&sort=object_name__asc&page=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">You can look at a large collection of calling cards in the British Museum collections here.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>How big were
Regency visiting cards?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The visiting
cards I looked at in the British Museum’s collection varied in size, ranging
from 32mm X 66mm to 78mm X 121mm. The majority of cards were at the smaller end
of the scale.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">To put this into
context, a standard US business card today is 50.8mm X 88.9mm (3.5 X 2 inches)
and a standard British card today is a little wider and shorter at 55mm X 85mm.
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">I decided to do a
little bit of experimental history. Using the cards on the British Museum’s website
as a guide, I created a number of facsimile Regency visiting cards for
characters in my novels using the dimensions of actual cards and similar
designs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The photo below
shows my card (based on US measurements despite being in the UK!) and a selection
of the cards I made. As you can see, most of the calling cards are smaller.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Although many of the
plainest and smallest cards I looked at were for men, some gentlemen’s cards
were as big and as elaborate as those used by ladies.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2pqnwWQEKvKeiwkevz1EgS7XW51Ud-0wIc0cv9QuW-z_vTTf8Cxt2r4p9cRNtRFWI9RthTgh0RuMvm-o1dnbrupWs26D9TK5QgDALPxQF1LyMZKQ-qSJxURkPez23fvlXKCiFn2fZoGAhW93Of1Qqty-uZ7-umt_yIZruD8AqmD40tX776pqGRUsv/s3126/Selection%20of%20visiting%20cards%20alongside%20my%20card%20darker.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Facsimile Regency visiting cards with a modern business card to show relative sizes (Rachel Knowles's experimental history 2022)" border="0" data-original-height="2031" data-original-width="3126" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2pqnwWQEKvKeiwkevz1EgS7XW51Ud-0wIc0cv9QuW-z_vTTf8Cxt2r4p9cRNtRFWI9RthTgh0RuMvm-o1dnbrupWs26D9TK5QgDALPxQF1LyMZKQ-qSJxURkPez23fvlXKCiFn2fZoGAhW93Of1Qqty-uZ7-umt_yIZruD8AqmD40tX776pqGRUsv/w400-h260/Selection%20of%20visiting%20cards%20alongside%20my%20card%20darker.jpg" title="Facsimile Regency visiting cards with a modern business card to show relative sizes (Rachel Knowles's experimental history 2022)" width="450" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Facsimile Regency visiting cards with a modern business<br />card to show relative sizes <br />(Rachel Knowles's experimental history 2022)</td></tr></tbody></table><b>Leaving cards
when someone was ‘not at home’ </b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The etiquette of
leaving cards is linked to the etiquette surrounding morning calls.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2022/05/morning-calls-in-regency-regency.html" target="_blank">You can read about morning calls here.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">When making a
morning call, it was customary to present your card on arrival. By this means,
the visitor discovered whether the host was ‘at home’ to visitors and
specifically, whether they were willing to receive you.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">If the visitor
was an acquaintance, then the response of ‘not at home’ either meant that the person
was out, or that it was simply not a convenient time for visitors.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>Domestic
Duties or Instructions to young married ladies on the management of their
households</i> (1825), Mrs Parkes wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>As the words ‘not
at home’ have become synonymous with ‘being engaged’, they neither deceive ,
nor are intended to deceive; therefore they may be employed innocently, as far
as regards our friends and ourselves.<sub>1</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">If the visitor
was a stranger, then ‘not at home’ might mean the same, but it might indicate
that the person did not desire the acquaintance.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Either way, if
the person was not at home, the visitor would leave their card. They might turn
down the corner of the card to indicate they had visited personally.
Alternatively, as in one example I found at the British Museum, they might
write the words ‘called’ or similar on it to indicate that they had left the
card in person.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>Sense and Sensibility</i>,
Elinor Dashwood knew that Edward Ferrars was in town because he left his card:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Edward assured
them himself of his being in town, within a very short time, by twice calling
in Berkeley Street. Twice was his card found on the table, when they returned
from their morning’s engagements. Elinor was pleased that he had called; and
still more pleased that she had missed him.<sub>2</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Etiquette
dictated that the person should return the visit as soon as possible. However,
if the visitor was a stranger and the person did not desire the acquaintance,
it was sufficient to send a card instead.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In February 1807
Jane Austen wrote of a visitor they had missed whose visit they were unable to
return because the visitor had left no address:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Mary has for
some time had notice from Mrs Dickson of the intended arrival of a certain Miss
Fowler in this place. Miss Fowler is an intimate friend of Mrs Dickson, and a
good deal known as such to Mary. On Thursday last she called here while we were
out. Mary found, on our return, her card with only her name on it, and she had
left word that she would call again. The particularity of this made us talk,
and, among other conjectures, Frank said in joke, “I dare say she is staying
with the Pearsons.” The connection of the names struck Mary, and she
immediately recollected Miss Fowler's having been very intimate with persons so
called, and, upon putting everything together, we have scarcely a doubt of her
being actually staying with the only family in the place whom we cannot visit.<sub>3</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEKhaHnjjLbhYECzKkC-KfN3uYBJnbun7wNGTFRA3ywim_BjYWV55ubQLVPCw2laYReYLyLe6j-sK2YiKpMJOroOB08kig9hHgPseSW2jKVks1iohfx-YAhU_K54hWz9Ag2YYIDTw5b7Jgx6cEe-ziriHZpTj8CuqlWqTrdhObStKZI74DNe0wLr9m/s3000/Calling%20card%20tray%2019th%20century%20MIA%2023758.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="19th century silver calling card tray, Redlich Co. Minneapolis Institute of Art" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEKhaHnjjLbhYECzKkC-KfN3uYBJnbun7wNGTFRA3ywim_BjYWV55ubQLVPCw2laYReYLyLe6j-sK2YiKpMJOroOB08kig9hHgPseSW2jKVks1iohfx-YAhU_K54hWz9Ag2YYIDTw5b7Jgx6cEe-ziriHZpTj8CuqlWqTrdhObStKZI74DNe0wLr9m/w400-h400/Calling%20card%20tray%2019th%20century%20MIA%2023758.jpg" title="19th century silver calling card tray, Redlich Co. Minneapolis Institute of Art" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">19th century silver calling card tray, Redlich Co.<br /> Minneapolis Institute of Art<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><b>How many cards
should be left?</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">It was polite to
leave a card to each person in the household whom you had intended to visit. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>Domestic Duties</i>
(1825) Mrs Parkes wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Where cards
are to be left, the number must be determined according to the various members
of which the family called upon is composed. For instance, where there are the
mother, aunt, and daughters (the latter having been introduced to society),
three cards should be left.<sub>4</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Leaving cards
on arrival in town</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">When a person arrived
in a town where they had some acquaintance, it was customary to call or leave
cards to let them know of your arrival.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In Jane Austen’s <i>Sense
and Sensibility</i>, Mrs Jennings left cards on her return to London:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>The morning
was chiefly spent in leaving cards at the houses of Mrs Jennings’s acquaintance
to inform them of her being in town.<sub>5</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Some hotels had
printed cards for those staying there to use. A hotel guest could write their
details on these cards and leave them with their acquaintances so they would
know where they were staying.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFOg260an1bFLTeL30tyz46eZeabsbsO5IKUSapmFDRsHHivnqiKfqprDO4bRiIlTVeDYmhClPkuKXnDOTTLcICMsc5xn_yt4VZXpQ4sIPZLnYPmIxXhEUHbKcwrxEH9rzlKeMTlajI2W3SfszV4Do8PmmIpGNzcpm8Csk5T8bxHDL7KzoHKKl6eLV/s2623/Hotel%20cards%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Facsimile hotel cards with handwritten names (Rachel Knowles's experimental history 2022)" border="0" data-original-height="1531" data-original-width="2623" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFOg260an1bFLTeL30tyz46eZeabsbsO5IKUSapmFDRsHHivnqiKfqprDO4bRiIlTVeDYmhClPkuKXnDOTTLcICMsc5xn_yt4VZXpQ4sIPZLnYPmIxXhEUHbKcwrxEH9rzlKeMTlajI2W3SfszV4Do8PmmIpGNzcpm8Csk5T8bxHDL7KzoHKKl6eLV/w320-h187/Hotel%20cards%202.jpg" title="Facsimile hotel cards with handwritten names (Rachel Knowles's experimental history 2022)" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Facsimile hotel cards with handwritten names <br />(Rachel Knowles's experimental history 2022)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><b>Leaving cards to
begin an acquaintance</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">If you deemed
someone worthy of being included in your circle of acquaintance, you could leave
your card in the hope of initiating a relationship.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>Persuasion</i>,
Sir Walter Elliot and Miss Elliot made such an impact on Bath society that they
were inundated with cards:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Their
acquaintance was exceedingly sought after. Everybody was wanting to visit them.
They had drawn back from many introductions, and still were perpetually having
cards left by people of whom they knew nothing.<sub>6</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In a letter to
her sister in January 1807 Jane Austen complained that their acquaintance was
growing too quickly:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Our
acquaintance increase too fast. He was recognized lately by Admiral Bertie, and
a few days since arrived the Admiral and his daughter Catherine to wait upon
us. There was nothing to like or dislike in either. To the Berties are to be
added the Lances, with whose cards we have been endowed, and whose visit Frank
and I returned yesterday.<sub>7</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Leaving cards
to convey thanks</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Cards could also
be sent to convey thanks. In Arthur Freeling’s<i> The Pocket Book of Etiquette </i>(1837)
he wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>After dining
at the house of a lady , it is customary to leave a card the next day, or as
soon after as circumstances will permit.<sub>8</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Leaving cards
to take leave</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">When a person was
leaving the area, such as going from London to the country, it was customary to
take leave in person, or by leaving cards. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Leaving a
calling card after receiving a verbal invitation</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>The Pocket
Book of Etiquette </i>(1837) Freeling wrote that it was advisable to leave a
card after a verbal invitation from an acquaintance:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Occasionally
verbal invitations are given to evening parties, by persons with whom you have
not been in habits of intimacy. To prevent the awkwardness of being an
unexpected visitor, you will, previous to the party, leave your card with the
lady of the house</i>.<sub>9</sub></blockquote></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Sending and
receiving cards when someone got married</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">When a gentleman
married, he might have acquaintances that he would not wish to be part of the
circle he would introduce to his wife. After his marriage, he and his wife
would send cards to those acquaintances they wished to keep. If you did not
receive a card, you assumed that the relationship had been dropped.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>The Pocket
Book of Etiquette </i>(1837) Freeling wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>When a man is
about to be married, it is customary for him to give a dinner to his bachelor
friends. He then informs them of the intended alteration in his circumstances;
the health of the bride elect is drank, and it is understood that the visiting
acquaintanceship ceases, unless a special invitation is received, or unless a
desire to renew it be intimated by his sending his own and his wife's cards,
with the customary favors.<sub>10</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Etiquette required
the couple to send cards in return for any left at their house after their
marriage. Mrs Parkes wrote in <i>Domestic Duties</i> (1825):</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>A newly
married woman, on arriving at her future home, will have to send her cards in
return for those which are left at her house, after her marriage. She may
afterwards expect the calls of her acquaintance; for which it is not absolutely
necessary to remain at home, although politeness require that they should be
returned as soon as possible. But having performed this, any further
intercourse may be avoided (where it is deemed necessary) by a polite refusal
of invitations.<sub>11</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>Sense and
Sensibility</i>, the self-interested Lady Middleton</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>…determined
(though rather against the opinion of Sir John) that as Mrs Willoughby would at
once be a woman of elegance and fortune, to leave her card with her as soon as
she married.<sub>12</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Leaving cards
when someone died</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">It was customary
to leave a card in condolence rather than visiting someone who had been
bereaved unless you knew the person very well.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Sending a card
with a letter of recommendation</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Sometimes, a
stranger was given a letter of introduction by a mutual acquaintance or someone
of importance. In these cases, it was customary to deliver the letter in
person, and to include a visiting card with the letter.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Etiquette
demanded that the person receiving the letter of introduction should respond by
sending a card as soon as possible. They were not, however, obliged to receive
the person. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Putting your connections on display </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTh8FI2etHwhZZ4-PKfLii7eDCn_JhZQYPFHV9i8llJrfd7IL1bwQd1OD71rjbtxBp34XqlUWWFg3yP24WQTbJyb6pZz_A4XIKStLS6vnMB06RlPRXQAqKGsbdQOD98yYm0pIeTOkHwGQCdwzBTdR37m8N0-bB4DfCeB1bX3d-fhaikxD0OCjVqJva/s3091/Earl%20and%20Countess%20of%20Castleford%20cards.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Facsimile Regency visiting cards for the Earl and Countess of Castleford (the couple from A Reason for Romance) I'm sure Sir Walter would have wanted these cards on display too! (Rachel Knowles's experimental history 2022)" border="0" data-original-height="1571" data-original-width="3091" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTh8FI2etHwhZZ4-PKfLii7eDCn_JhZQYPFHV9i8llJrfd7IL1bwQd1OD71rjbtxBp34XqlUWWFg3yP24WQTbJyb6pZz_A4XIKStLS6vnMB06RlPRXQAqKGsbdQOD98yYm0pIeTOkHwGQCdwzBTdR37m8N0-bB4DfCeB1bX3d-fhaikxD0OCjVqJva/w400-h204/Earl%20and%20Countess%20of%20Castleford%20cards.jpg" title="Facsimile Regency visiting cards for the Earl and Countess of Castleford (the couple from A Reason for Romance) I'm sure Sir Walter would have wanted these cards on display too! (Rachel Knowles's experimental history 2022)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Facsimile Regency visiting cards for the Earl and <br />Countess of Castleford (the couple from <i>A Reason for Romance</i>)<br /> I'm sure Sir Walter would have wanted these cards on display too!<br />(Rachel Knowles's experimental history 2022)</td></tr></tbody></table><b></b><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Having the right connections could make a lot of difference to your standing in society. In <i>Persuasio</i>n, Sir Walter Elliot is desperate for his relative, the Dowager Viscountess Dalrymple, to recognise him:</p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><i>Sir Walter, however, would choose his own means, and at last wrote a very fine letter of ample explanation, regret, and entreaty, to his right honourable cousin. Neither Lady Russell nor Mr Elliot could admire the letter; but it did all that was wanted, in bringing three lines of scrawl from the Dowager Viscountess. "She was very much honoured, and should be happy in their acquaintance." The toils of the business were over, the sweets began. They visited in Laura Place, they had the cards of Dowager Viscountess Dalrymple, and the Honourable Miss Carteret, to be arranged wherever they might be most visible: and "Our cousins in Laura Place,"—"Our cousin, Lady Dalrymple and Miss Carteret," were talked of to everybody.<span style="font-size: xx-small;">13</span></i>
</blockquote><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes clean/Christian Regency era romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew. </span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage me and help me to keep making my research freely available, please buy me a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p><p>
<iframe height="712" id="kofiframe" src="https://ko-fi.com/regencyhistory/?hidefeed=true&widget=true&embed=true&preview=true" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: none; padding: 4px; width: 100%;" title="regencyhistory"></iframe> </p><p>Notes
</p><ol>
<li>Parkes, Mrs William, <i>Domestic Duties or Instructions to young married ladies on the management of their households (</i>London, 1825).</li>
<li> Austen, Jane, <i>Sense and Sensibility</i> (1811).</li>
<li>Austen, Jane, <i>Jane Austen's Letters</i>, Collected and Edited by Le Faye, Deirdre (1995).</li>
<li> Parkes op cit.</li>
<li> Austen, Jane, <i>Sense and Sensibility </i>(1811).</li>
<li> Austen, Jane, <i>Persuasion</i> (1817).</li>
<li>Austen, Jane, <i>Jane Austen's Letters</i>, Collected and Edited by Le Faye, Deirdre (1995).</li>
<li> Freeling, Arthur, <i>The Pocket Book of Etiquette</i> (Liverpool, 1837).</li>
<li>Ibid.</li>
<li> Freeling op cit.</li>
<li> Parkes op cit.</li><i>
</i><li><i> </i>Austen, Jane,<i> Sense and Sensibility</i> (1811).</li>
<li>Austen, Jane, <i>Persuasion</i> (1817, London)</li></ol><p>
Sources used include: <br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Emma </i>(1815, London) <br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Jane Austen's Letters</i>, Collected and Edited by Le Faye, Deirdre (Oxford University Press, 1995) <br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Mansfield Park </i>(1814, London) <br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Northanger Abbey</i> (1817, London)<br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Persuasion</i> (1817, London)<br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> (1813, London) <br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Sense and Sensibility</i> (1811, London) <br />
Freeling, Arthur, <i>The Ladies' Pocket Book of Etiquette</i> (7th edition) (London, 1840) <br />
Freeling, Arthur, <i>The Pocket Book of Etiquette </i>(Liverpool, 1837) <br />
Parkes, Mrs William, <i>Domestic Duties or Instructions to young married ladies on the management of their households</i> (London, 1825) <br />
Trusler, Rev Dr John, <i>A System of Etiquette</i> (1804) </p><p>All photos © RegencyHistory.net<br />
</p><p></p><p></p>Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-11757937228045603202022-05-06T09:40:00.004+01:002022-10-26T17:20:39.198+01:00Morning calls in the Regency - a Regency History guide<p><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1YP3OcH186QcaAf3BIMbt0afN_V9AWhcHBEzlQQvAvbrk8rOWFxV71KBdkmp-NbbNUVxhGYx0uMlx2hisCz4kRblgbJ2FEeOTfjVvbssWFbzMBY2ZQT7vNcdU1Ja6Fs0P9RtYGc7839JnZzrmlYQ5IF32JJz2xbF4DtmPOZ338XXB2wRONn4NBOKH/s725/09%201810%20fashion%20from%20La%20Belle%202%20Morning%20dress%20on%20a%20visit.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Morning dress on a visit La Belle Assemblée (Sept 1810)" border="0" data-original-height="725" data-original-width="603" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1YP3OcH186QcaAf3BIMbt0afN_V9AWhcHBEzlQQvAvbrk8rOWFxV71KBdkmp-NbbNUVxhGYx0uMlx2hisCz4kRblgbJ2FEeOTfjVvbssWFbzMBY2ZQT7vNcdU1Ja6Fs0P9RtYGc7839JnZzrmlYQ5IF32JJz2xbF4DtmPOZ338XXB2wRONn4NBOKH/w333-h400/09%201810%20fashion%20from%20La%20Belle%202%20Morning%20dress%20on%20a%20visit.png" title="Morning dress on a visit La Belle Assemblée (Sept 1810)" width="333" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Morning dress on a visit<br /> <i>La Belle Assemblée </i>(Sept 1810)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><b>What was a morning call?</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Morning calls
were short visits of ceremony paid to your acquaintances. There were rules of
etiquette surrounding these visits—when they should be made, how long and how
often, and suitable topics of conversation. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>What was the
purpose of a morning call?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In her book, <i>Domestic
Duties or Instructions to young married ladies on the management of their
households</i> (1825), Mrs Parkes explained that these calls were necessary to
maintain a wide circle of acquaintance:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>When it is
desirable to keep together a large circle of acquaintance, morning visits
cannot very well be dispensed with. You must be aware that as time and
circumstances seldom permit the frequent interchange of other visits, our
acquaintance would become estranged from us, if our intercourse with them were
not occasionally renewed by receiving and paying morning visits. A good
economist of time will, of course, keep morning visits strictly for this
purpose; and, not considering them as intended merely for amusement, will not
make them more frequently than is necessary. By the occasional appropriation of
a few hours many debts of this kind may be paid off at once.<sub>1</sub></i></blockquote></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>When did you
make morning calls?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Contrary to what
you might think, given their name, morning calls were usually made in the
afternoon. This is somewhat confusing but arises from the fact that during the
Regency, the morning referred to the whole period of time before dinner.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>The Pocket
Book of Etiquette</i> (1837), Freeling stated:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>The most
proper time to pay a morning visit, in the fashionable world, is between one
and four o'clock.<sub>2</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">He went on to
say:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>A certain
discretion as to the time of visiting is necessary; you would not therefore
call on a person at three o'clock if you were aware that he dined or was
specially occupied at that hour.<sub>3</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Jane Austen wrote
in a letter to her sister Cassandra in June 1808 of receiving morning calls
from noon:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Early as it was—only 12 o’clock—we
had scarcely taken off our bonnets before company came, Lady Knatchbull and her
mother; and after them succeeded Mrs White, Mrs Hughes and her two children, Mr
Moore, Harriot and Louisa, and John Bridges, with such short intervals between
any, as to make it a matter of wonder to me, that Mrs Knight and I should ever
had been ten minutes alone, or have had any leisure for comfortable talk.<sub>4</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_waXX8KVfPqM0eEssmvRPr7yl_K32aQZDYg3Ucv0Ee9v2W9l3GIQgJE11ohPQbIAmIDSsTFPcPCDEU_-xWuDA0Mne6JlaVfX-b4KZhbxgHeTSRlGRezi9w2Zh4Bmibl28IN4PCKxjRPIBgmQIxTt9nvo9o1skKpqgNFFAxnCa33bidhk_mvN7Kajb/s1561/Mr%20John%20Dashwood%20visits%20Mrs%20Jennings%20S%20and%20S%20Hugh%20Thomson%201896%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="John Dashwood calls on Mrs Jennings by Hugh Thomson in Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen 1896 edition" border="0" data-original-height="1561" data-original-width="1144" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_waXX8KVfPqM0eEssmvRPr7yl_K32aQZDYg3Ucv0Ee9v2W9l3GIQgJE11ohPQbIAmIDSsTFPcPCDEU_-xWuDA0Mne6JlaVfX-b4KZhbxgHeTSRlGRezi9w2Zh4Bmibl28IN4PCKxjRPIBgmQIxTt9nvo9o1skKpqgNFFAxnCa33bidhk_mvN7Kajb/w294-h400/Mr%20John%20Dashwood%20visits%20Mrs%20Jennings%20S%20and%20S%20Hugh%20Thomson%201896%20png.png" title="John Dashwood calls on Mrs Jennings by Hugh Thomson in Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen 1896 edition" width="331" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Dashwood calls on Mrs Jennings<br /> by Hugh Thomson in <i>Sense and Sensibility<br /> </i>by Jane Austen 1896 edition </td></tr></tbody></table><b>‘At home’ or
‘not at home’</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">It was not always
convenient or desirable to receive visitors. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>A System of
Etiquette</i> (1804), Trusler wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>It is the
fashion in exalted life now among equals, never to be at home to a morning visitor;
nor indeed to any visitor we are not in the habits of intimacy with; therefore
to refuse admittance to a visitor, you are not disposed to receive, will not be
considered as rude. At such times, your servant should be directed to say that
you are not at home. This is in fact no lie, for the expression not at home,
merely implies that you are not disposed to see company, and is understood in
this sense. Of course if you meet with the same reply when you go to pay a
visit, you are not to be offended; unless you had been particularly invited,
and you go at the appointed time.<sub>5</sub></i></blockquote></div><i> </i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In Jane Austen’s <i>Northanger
Abbey</i>, Catherine Morland misses the Tilneys calling for her to go on a walk
because of Mr Thorpe’s duplicity. She calls on Miss Tilney to apologise:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>She [Catherine]
reached the house without any impediment, looked at the number, knocked at the
door, and inquired for Miss Tilney. The man believed Miss Tilney to be at home,
but was not quite certain. Would she be pleased to send up her name? She gave
her card. In a few minutes the servant returned, and with a look which did not
quite confirm his words, said he had been mistaken, for that Miss Tilney was
walked out. Catherine, with a blush of mortification, left the house. She felt
almost persuaded that Miss Tilney was at home, and too much offended to admit
her; and as she retired down the street, could not withhold one glance at the
drawing-room windows, in expectation of seeing her there, but no one appeared
at them. At the bottom of the street, however, she looked back again, and then,
not at a window, but issuing from the door, she saw Miss Tilney herself. She
was followed by a gentleman, whom Catherine believed to be her father, and they
turned up towards Edgar’s Buildings. Catherine, in deep mortification,
proceeded on her way. She could almost be angry herself at such angry
incivility; but she checked the resentful sensation; she remembered her own
ignorance. She knew not how such an offence as hers might be classed by the
laws of worldly politeness, to what a degree of unforgivingness it might with
propriety lead, nor to what rigours of rudeness in return it might justly make
her amenable.<sub>6</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Miss Tilney was
denied, but a deliberate lie was told rather than the more socially acceptable ‘not
at home’.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In Jane Austen’s <i>Emma</i>,
Emma Woodhouse calls on Miss Bates. Emma’s previous visit had been awkward, and
so she gives the ladies the chance to be ‘not at home’ to visitors:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>The fear of
being still unwelcome, determined her, though assured of their being at home,
to wait in the passage, and send up her name.—She heard Patty announcing it; but
no such bustle succeeded as poor Miss Bates had before made so happily
intelligible.—No; she heard nothing but the instant reply of, “Beg her to walk
up.”<sub>7</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Mrs Parkes wrote
in <i>Domestic Duties</i> (1825):</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>The economy of
time, so essential to the head of a family, will also prompt certain
limitations as to the times of receiving morning visits. To have every morning
liable to such interruptions, must be a great impediment in the way of more
important avocations, and must occasion the useless dissipation of many an hour.
Experience has found this out, or the custom of denial would not have become so
prevalent.<sub>8</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Sometimes ladies
would establish which morning or mornings they were at home to visitors. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjClG8WaQqXyvTgb7aWGTJbm6pWD997GWsyPF76Ho17q4PQGJXHyz-nEZWasX7EQrd3MFxqNGe6hxBaYlarloAZqt9T6XZSfxlrCnFPS-X3dP65LTa1mMBX_EFj5aoYhTyBuRcbiYEymbvZwpl09QbKjcv3byQkOyGpKejVMdaF21dI_h-_3LFWh-rR/s1395/Emma%20and%20Harriet%20pay%20a%20call%20on%20Miss%20Bates%20Emma%20Hugh%20Thomson%201896.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Emma Woodhouse calls on Miss Bates by Hugh Thomson in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1896 edition" border="0" data-original-height="1395" data-original-width="1087" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjClG8WaQqXyvTgb7aWGTJbm6pWD997GWsyPF76Ho17q4PQGJXHyz-nEZWasX7EQrd3MFxqNGe6hxBaYlarloAZqt9T6XZSfxlrCnFPS-X3dP65LTa1mMBX_EFj5aoYhTyBuRcbiYEymbvZwpl09QbKjcv3byQkOyGpKejVMdaF21dI_h-_3LFWh-rR/w311-h400/Emma%20and%20Harriet%20pay%20a%20call%20on%20Miss%20Bates%20Emma%20Hugh%20Thomson%201896.png" title="Emma Woodhouse calls on Miss Bates by Hugh Thomson in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1896 edition" width="350" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Emma Woodhouse calls on Miss Bates<br /> by Hugh Thomson in <i>Emma<br /> </i>by Jane Austen 1896 edition <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><b>How long
should a morning call be?</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The books of
etiquette I have looked at suggest that the ‘proper’ length of a morning call
was between 15 and 20 minutes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">Freeling’s advice to gentlemen in <i>The
Pocket Book of Etiquette</i> (1837) was:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>In paying
visits of ceremony, do not leave your hat in the hall, take it with you into
the room; and, except under particular circumstances, do not remain more than a
quarter of an hour, or twenty minutes.<sub>9</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Trusler agreed
with limiting calls to 15 or 20 minutes. In <i>A System of Etiquette</i> (1804)
he wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>On paying
visits of ceremony, care should be taken not to make them too long, nor too
frequent; a quarter of an hour, or twenty minutes, is sufficient time to
exchange compliments, or run over the topics of the day; but if the visitors
become congenial to each other, and intimacy succeeds, times and lengths of
visits, need not be pointed out, they will direct themselves.<sub>10</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>Persuasion</i>, Anne Elliot
wished to avoid her cousin, Mr Elliot. She was glad that she had promised to
visit her friend Mrs Smith and would likely miss his morning call. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>She [Anne] found, on reaching
home, that she had, as she intended, escaped seeing Mr Elliot; that he had
called and paid them a long morning visit.<sub>11</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The length of Mr Elliot’s morning
call indicates the level of intimacy he had with Sir Walter’s family, allowing
him to exceed the recommended 20-minute limit. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRIz4DeMOjWw2ehucmrFIkUm4JMHxK7pgliAaw_0Dx547O1xg6DWpepTXVFulFQMKUYV5Aq4ETSOP_G4WBB60v8eL1nk6TnmSM5dsnOCKlfKB9-d1jHsthzx7x-tpVbQAJ2IxItHv2zkB1W1IV5KV_M1rm7v9wbDiQ8uRUso8hDnnbzGzyvkaXSDZ1/s514/Darcy%20and%20Col%20Fitzwilliam%20with%20Collins%20from%20PandP%201894%20ill%20Hugh%20Thomson%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Mr Darcy and Colonel Fitzwilliam come to call on the ladies at the parsonage by Hugh Thomson in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1896 edition" border="0" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="514" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRIz4DeMOjWw2ehucmrFIkUm4JMHxK7pgliAaw_0Dx547O1xg6DWpepTXVFulFQMKUYV5Aq4ETSOP_G4WBB60v8eL1nk6TnmSM5dsnOCKlfKB9-d1jHsthzx7x-tpVbQAJ2IxItHv2zkB1W1IV5KV_M1rm7v9wbDiQ8uRUso8hDnnbzGzyvkaXSDZ1/w400-h390/Darcy%20and%20Col%20Fitzwilliam%20with%20Collins%20from%20PandP%201894%20ill%20Hugh%20Thomson%20png.png" title="Mr Darcy and Colonel Fitzwilliam come to call on the ladies at the parsonage by Hugh Thomson in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1896 edition" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mr Darcy and Colonel Fitzwilliam come to call<br /> on the ladies at the parsonage<br /> by Hugh Thomson in <i>Pride and Prejudice<br /> </i>by Jane Austen 1896 edition </td></tr></tbody></table><b>Where should
you receive visitors making morning calls?</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">According to Mrs Parkes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Morning
visitors are generally received in the drawing-room.<sub>12</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">She went on to
say:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>In the
arrangement of the drawing-room for receiving morning visitors, the chairs
should be placed so as to facilitate the colloquial intercourse of the
strangers, without the necessity of a servant entering the room to place them;
and this arrangement, whilst it is devoid of formality, should be done with
some attention to good order. Ease, not carelessness, should predominate.<sub>13</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>What did
people talk about during a morning call?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The simple answer
seems to be nothing of any importance! </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Trusler advised
that conversation should be limited and kept short. As quoted above:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote>…<i>a quarter of
an hour, or twenty minutes, is sufficient time to exchange compliments, or run
over the topics of the day</i>.<sub>14</sub></blockquote></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>Domestic Duties</i>
(1825), Mrs Parkes’s advice was presented as conversations between a young
married lady and an older lady. The young married woman in her conversations voices
what must have been a common opinion of morning calls:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>I have often
thought that morning visits are very annoying, both to receive and to pay. They
fritter away so much time, without affording any adequate return; unless,
indeed, anything be gained by hearing the little nothings of the day enlarged
upon, and perhaps of acquiring one's self the art of discussing them as if they
were matters of deep importance.<sub>15</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Mrs Parkes continued:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Morning visits
should not be long. In this species of intercourse, the manners should be easy
and cheerful, and the subjects of conversation such as may be easily
terminated. The time proper for such visits is too short to admit of serious
discussions and arguments.<sub>16</sub></i></blockquote></div><i> </i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>The Ladies'
Pocket Book of Etiquette</i> (1840) Freeling advised against supplying your
visitors with gossip:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Do not amuse
your friends by the relation of your private affairs; recollect these can only
be interesting to yourself; and although you may occasionally find a good
listener who has discretion, you may depend that such affairs, if listened to
with interest, will be repeated. All, however, will think your mind to be but
ill stored, if you are obliged to resort to egotism for their entertainment.<sub>17</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkzBcpDJzUGYmTHHp6K4_frFbKbIeRwhj9zj2_kuqxoJ8Q50oBZRhhNB0nFmEPi4ibtCf-J79vsa-GXhvNIZ-ZT2LYuSpyZ8xlmt_5K8UsFu0Q8LHWdpzjCoQKGOTgE28WJjBO3RD3eo3_gaElu-qk1T10s09y-teIIHCcJBaYHot0K_yjtOwVfENe/s1585/Fanny%20talking%20over%20the%20ball%20Mansfield%20Park%20Hugh%20Thomson%201897%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Fanny Price talks over the ball by Hugh Thomson in Mansfield Park by Jane Austen 1897 edition" border="0" data-original-height="1585" data-original-width="1126" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkzBcpDJzUGYmTHHp6K4_frFbKbIeRwhj9zj2_kuqxoJ8Q50oBZRhhNB0nFmEPi4ibtCf-J79vsa-GXhvNIZ-ZT2LYuSpyZ8xlmt_5K8UsFu0Q8LHWdpzjCoQKGOTgE28WJjBO3RD3eo3_gaElu-qk1T10s09y-teIIHCcJBaYHot0K_yjtOwVfENe/w284-h400/Fanny%20talking%20over%20the%20ball%20Mansfield%20Park%20Hugh%20Thomson%201897%20png.png" title="Fanny Price talks over the ball by Hugh Thomson in Mansfield Park by Jane Austen 1897 edition" width="284" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fanny Price talks over the ball<br /> by Hugh Thomson in <i>Mansfield Park<br /> </i>by Jane Austen 1897 edition </td></tr></tbody></table><b>What could a
lady do during a morning call?</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Mrs Parkes wrote
that doing light needlework during a morning visit was acceptable:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>It is almost
unnecessary to add, that the occupations of drawing, music and reading, should
be suspended on the entrance of morning visitors. But if a lady be engaged with
light needlework, and none other is appropriate in the drawing-room, it
promotes ease, and is not inconsistent with good breeding to continue it during
conversation; particularly if the visit be protracted or the visitors be
gentlemen.<sub>18</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In his <i>Ladies
Pocket Book of Etiquette</i>, Freeling wrote that all occupations should be put
aside, unless you knew the visitor well:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>In receiving
morning visitors, it is necessary to lay aside any employment in which you may
be engaged, unless indeed the visitors happen to be persons with whom you are
on the most familiar terms of intimacy. You cannot do two things at once; if
you attempt it, you will negligently pursue your employment, or leave undone
some of those graceful lightnesses, those elegant attentions, which prevent
such visits from degenerating into sombre ceremonies.<sub>19</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Should you see
your guests out?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Mrs Parkes was of
the opinion that it was not necessary to see your guests out:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>It was
formerly the custom to see visitors to the door on taking leave; but this is
now discontinued. The lady of the house merely rises from her seat, shakes
hands or courtesies, according as her intimacy is with the parties, and then
ringing the bell to summon a servant to attend them, leaves them to find their
way out of the house.<sub>20</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>The Pocket
Book of Etiquette </i>for gentlemen, Freeling suggested that seeing a guest out
gave them a special distinction:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><blockquote><i>When any
visitor leaves the room, ring the bell for a servant to be in attendance and
open the street door; but if you wish to shew any person particular attention,
and are not occupied with other company, it would be a great mark of deference
for you to attend him half way down the stairs, after having secured the
attendance of your servant at the door; this would of course only be done in
extreme cases, and when you had a special desire to shew your high esteem for
your visitor.<sub>21</sub></i></blockquote><i><sub></sub></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVNf5pTPk9WARjZSdwrB-G_n8Gn1gfUDFLzd1vNJygDIuc4MEsV15vaefjE5ewnpf_Wjf0u8BpS9j_mh9aelQm-GZMXzVYMwMD_JW-h_RvR0lgxevanj0uOPozZ4yiDXSpw4VPkplFCS2gv3akNQvH56RAnS1WBI5Je1-MU_RMF7tsxQ9GSBpZjRKF/s696/05%201816%20Morning%20dress%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Morning dress Ackermann's Repository (May 1816)" border="0" data-original-height="696" data-original-width="523" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVNf5pTPk9WARjZSdwrB-G_n8Gn1gfUDFLzd1vNJygDIuc4MEsV15vaefjE5ewnpf_Wjf0u8BpS9j_mh9aelQm-GZMXzVYMwMD_JW-h_RvR0lgxevanj0uOPozZ4yiDXSpw4VPkplFCS2gv3akNQvH56RAnS1WBI5Je1-MU_RMF7tsxQ9GSBpZjRKF/w300-h400/05%201816%20Morning%20dress%20png.png" title="Morning dress Ackermann's Repository (May 1816)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Morning dress<br /> <i>Ackermann's Repository </i>(May 1816)</td></tr></tbody></table><b>Returning visits</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Etiquette
demanded that morning calls were returned. It was polite to return the call as
soon as possible.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>Pride and
Prejudice</i>, Jane Bennet calls on Caroline Bingley in London. Miss Bingley slighted
Jane by leaving it a fortnight before returning her visit: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Caroline did not return my visit
till yesterday; and not a note, not a line, did I receive in the meantime. When
she did come, it was very evident that she had no pleasure in it; she made a
slight, formal apology, for not calling before, said not a word of wishing to
see me again, and was in every respect so altered a creature, that when she
went away I was perfectly resolved to continue the acquaintance no longer.<sub>22</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Visiting new neighbours in the
country</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">When a gentleman took a house in the
country, it was customary for the neighbouring gentry to visit them. It was
polite for the new gentleman to return the visit as soon as possible if he
wished to pursue the acquaintance. If he did not wish for the acquaintance, he should
still send his card.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>Pride and Prejudice</i>, Mrs
Bennet urges her husband to visit Mr Bingley when he first takes Netherfield. Mr
Bennet teases his wife, saying he does not intend to go:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>“But consider your daughters. Only think what an
establishment it would be for one of them. Sir William and Lady Lucas are
determined to go, merely on that account, for in general, you know, they visit
no newcomers. Indeed you must go, for it will be impossible for us to visit
him, if you do not.” </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>“I am sick of Mr Bingley,” cried his wife. </i><br />
<i>“I am sorry to hear that; but why did not you tell me so before? If I had known as much this morning, I certainly
would not have called on him. It is very unlucky; but as I have actually paid
the visit, we cannot escape the acquaintance now.”<sub>23</sub></i></p></blockquote></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i><sub></sub></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Taking leave</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">It was customary to
visit or send a calling card to take leave of your friends before going out of
an area. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In Jane Austen’s <i>Emma</i>,
Frank Churchill is called away from Highbury:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Mrs Weston added, “that he [Frank
Churchill] could only allow himself time to hurry to Highbury, after breakfast,
and take leave of the few friends there whom he could suppose to feel any
interest in him; and that he might be expected at Hartfield very soon.”</i><i><sub>24</sub></i></blockquote><p><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2022/06/visiting-cards-in-regency.html" target="_blank">You can read more about visiting cards here. </a><br /></p></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes clean/Christian Regency era romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew. </span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage me and help me to keep making my research freely available, please buy me a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p><p>
<iframe height="712" id="kofiframe" src="https://ko-fi.com/regencyhistory/?hidefeed=true&widget=true&embed=true&preview=true" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: none; padding: 4px; width: 100%;" title="regencyhistory"></iframe> </p><p>Notes
</p><ol>
<li>Parkes, Mrs William, <i>Domestic Duties or Instructions to young married ladies on the management of their households </i>(London, 1825).</li>
<li> Freeling, Arthur, <i>The Pocket Book of Etiquette </i>(Liverpool, 1837).</li>
<li>Ibid.</li>
<li>Austen, Jane, <i>Jane Austen's Letters</i>, Collected and Edited by Le Faye, Deirdre (1995).</li>
<li> Trusler, Rev Dr John, <i>A System of Etiquette</i> (1804).</li>
<li> Austen, Jane, <i>Northanger Abbey</i> (1817).</li>
<li> Austen, Jane, <i>Emma</i> (1815).</li>
<li> Parkes op cit.</li>
<li> Freeling, Arthur, <i>The Pocket Book of Etiquette</i> (Liverpool, 1837).</li>
<li> Trusler op cit.</li>
<li> Austen, Jane, <i>Persuasion </i>(1817).</li>
<li> Parkes op cit.</li>
<li>Ibid.</li>
<li> Trusler op cit.</li>
<li> Parkes op cit.</li>
<li>Ibid.</li>
<li> Freeling, Arthur, <i>The Ladies' Pocket Book of Etiquette</i> (7th edition) (London, 1840).</li>
<li> Parkes op cit.</li>
<li> Freeling, Arthur, <i>The Pocket Book of Etiquette </i>(Liverpool, 1837).</li>
<li> Austen, Jane, <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> (1813).</li>
<li>Ibid.</li>
<li> Austen, Jane, <i>Emma</i> (1815).</li></ol>
Sources used include:<br />
Austen, Jane,<i> Emma</i> (1815, London) <br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Jane Austen's Letter</i>s, Collected and Edited by Le Faye, Deirdre (Oxford University Press, 1995)<br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Mansfield Park</i> (1814, London) <br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Northanger Abbey</i> (1817, London)<br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Persuasion</i> (1817, London)<br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Pride and Prejudice </i>(1813, London)<br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Sense and Sensibility</i> (1811, London)<br />
Freeling, Arthur, <i>The Ladies' Pocket Book of Etiquette</i> (7th edition) (London, 1840)<br />
Freeling, Arthur, <i>The Pocket Book of Etiquette</i> (Liverpool, 1837)<br />
Parkes, Mrs William, <i>Domestic Duties or Instructions to young married ladies on the management of their households </i>(London, 1825)<br />
Trusler, Rev Dr John,<i> A System of Etiquette</i> (1804)
<p></p>Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-31410995157243265062022-03-31T11:40:00.005+01:002022-04-22T09:01:53.865+01:00When could a marriage be annulled in the Regency?<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><xml></xml></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiBYNKCZXhrSqNnu9DZfbx__Itc2ai4_rCNwzKOWmQGpg1P0QqdubS4w7f4GKviA6R99IdmdR2ZB2C0vpLt6zw6y76K8NgLqkCrd0kT-UP7-jx8TIOOV5sKBDCZLc3CsUermXOHJCUymG3CyyGrllwgkj8QpMM23ow5b3tY7fYXZOj1lq9eGjFNWvP/s3521/Dance%20with%20Death%20Wedding%20by%20Rowlandson%20Wellcome%20png.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2013/04/augustus-duke-of-sussex-1773-1843.html" border="0" data-original-height="2037" data-original-width="3521" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiBYNKCZXhrSqNnu9DZfbx__Itc2ai4_rCNwzKOWmQGpg1P0QqdubS4w7f4GKviA6R99IdmdR2ZB2C0vpLt6zw6y76K8NgLqkCrd0kT-UP7-jx8TIOOV5sKBDCZLc3CsUermXOHJCUymG3CyyGrllwgkj8QpMM23ow5b3tY7fYXZOj1lq9eGjFNWvP/w400-h231/Dance%20with%20Death%20Wedding%20by%20Rowlandson%20Wellcome%20png.png" title="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2013/04/augustus-duke-of-sussex-1773-1843.html" width="450" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The Wedding</i> from <i>The Dance of Death</i> by T Rowlandson (1816) <br />Wellcome Collection used under Creative Commons Licence (CC BY 4.0)</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">I was recently asked whether
non-consummation was the only reason a marriage could be annulled in the
Regency era. It is a misunderstanding I have come across before.</div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">A valid marriage could not be annulled just because it had not been consummated. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Impotency was grounds for annulment,
but this was rarely claimed. Scroll down to the end of the post to see why.</p>
In this post, I look at:
<ul><li><p>What an annulment was and how it differed from divorce.</p></li>
<li><p>When a marriage could be annulled.</p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>What was an annulment?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">An annulment of a marriage was,
quite literally, reducing it to nothing. The marriage was declared invalid, and
it was as if the marriage had never been. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The impact on the children of an
annulled marriage was enormous. If a marriage was annulled, any children of that
marriage were declared illegitimate.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">It is really important to understand
how this differs from divorce. If a titled couple divorced, the eldest son of
that marriage was still the heir. If the marriage was annulled, the eldest son
of that marriage would now be illegitimate and not able to inherit his father’s
title and the estates that went with it.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>When could a marriage be
annulled?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">A marriage could be annulled if it
was void or voidable.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Void marriages</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">A marriage was void if it was
against the law and it could be set aside.</p>
A marriage was illegal if:
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;"><p>It was a royal marriage undertaken without the King’s consent.</p>
<p>When <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2013/04/augustus-duke-of-sussex-1773-1843.html" target="_blank">Prince Augustus, Duke of Sussex</a>, one of George III’s sons, married Lady Augusta Murray in 1793, he did so without the King’s permission which contravened the Royal Marriages Act of 1772. The King had the marriage set aside or annulled in August 1794.</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE9iuzPFaA2vIaIuBRR7npUk0qw2ris_XNsYwh-GAj2Y7v8m8xqawyV5Vo0Ypumf61dcS5rTgaoFsyYY0XOUlFs3GodaFkJwlsNDbG1-HWpo8B9LOSNC5aPBywcwmtciqi4rfxUUh5rrqriL1Z8mk1fNJWOWzaQXupuTINEG3kGd9EJStv_D-k8QzC/s353/Prince%20Augustus%20from%20Lady's%20Mag%20Dec%201792.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Prince Augustus, later Duke of Sussex from The Lady's Magazine (1792)" border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="318" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE9iuzPFaA2vIaIuBRR7npUk0qw2ris_XNsYwh-GAj2Y7v8m8xqawyV5Vo0Ypumf61dcS5rTgaoFsyYY0XOUlFs3GodaFkJwlsNDbG1-HWpo8B9LOSNC5aPBywcwmtciqi4rfxUUh5rrqriL1Z8mk1fNJWOWzaQXupuTINEG3kGd9EJStv_D-k8QzC/w288-h320/Prince%20Augustus%20from%20Lady's%20Mag%20Dec%201792.png" title="Prince Augustus, later Duke of Sussex from The Lady's Magazine (1792)" width="288" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prince Augustus, later Duke of Sussex<br /> from <i>The Lady's Magazine </i>(1792)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p> </li><li><p>Either party was already married. Bigamy was against the law.</p></li>
<li><p>It wasn’t performed in the manner prescribed in Hardwicke’s Marriage Act of 1753.</p></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>What were the requirements of
this Act?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The 1753 Marriage Act stated that
all marriages had to take place after the reading of the banns (a formal announcement
of a couple’s intention to marry) or by common licence with the following rules:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">After banns<b></b></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><p> Banns had to be read for three Sundays before
the wedding, in the parish church(es) where the bride and groom resided.</p></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><p>The marriage could only take place in one of the
churches where the banns were read.</p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqx8NoGzuVkyPmgaKuguMLl2pVaPYXxVHLjdenXFxH5c0korYKwtGy9jaCWERMkSAnrKNM6hiKDhk7GxO8MsK1_nROkgyT-LrfPu3AdO0XF0aaJa38cwD9GKYGx0AAusSj98v6uJYEtz7VJx_fcBPaIQzMHxfFlQUn_h3ETlaTOkFaOC_ltRcU-UKe/s1996/Ryman,%20Charles%20and%20Poulton,%20Mary%20Ann%20-%20marriage%20banns%20at%20Newington%20St%20Mary%201855.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Record of marriage banns for two of my ancestors at Newington St Mary in 1855." border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="1996" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqx8NoGzuVkyPmgaKuguMLl2pVaPYXxVHLjdenXFxH5c0korYKwtGy9jaCWERMkSAnrKNM6hiKDhk7GxO8MsK1_nROkgyT-LrfPu3AdO0XF0aaJa38cwD9GKYGx0AAusSj98v6uJYEtz7VJx_fcBPaIQzMHxfFlQUn_h3ETlaTOkFaOC_ltRcU-UKe/w400-h125/Ryman,%20Charles%20and%20Poulton,%20Mary%20Ann%20-%20marriage%20banns%20at%20Newington%20St%20Mary%201855.jpg" title="Record of marriage banns for two of my ancestors at Newington St Mary in 1855." width="450" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Record of marriage banns for two of my ancestors at<br /> Newington St Mary in 1855. Both were minors and though<br />the banns were read, there must have been some difficulty as<br /> the couple did not marry until 1856, after the<br />banns had been read again in St Mary Lambeth.</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Or by common licence</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><p>The marriage could only take place in the church
of the parish where either bride or groom had resided for at least four weeks,
as stated on the licence.<sub>1</sub></p></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><p>If either party was under 21 years of age and
previously unmarried, they had to have parental consent for the marriage.</p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The marriage had to be witnessed by
two people in addition to the minister and entered in the register.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The rules did not apply to:</p>
<ul><li><p>Those marrying by special licence (although parental
consent was still required if either party was underage)</p></li>
<li><p>Scotland</p></li>
<li><p>Jews or Quakers</p></li>
<li><p>The royal family</p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2018/10/banns-licences-and-hardwickes-marriage.html" target="_blank">You can read more about Hardwicke’s 1753 Marriage Act here.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjauuOHRjc5t9NgrGI0fLLRU47Jb69vdlqmUPDIY5dwKWmdQZKxms4-UY_dIzT0vzlB90FK14b-U_rs5irO1Mbx-yK6TPc-gCfddG0YnXXT0eaxP8Hgv-QDoMopUCP5_fBYK-B8qwgzvdWga0dsVzIgFa_DxX-6ob9wohf8Cke7SBrfhHYSIOxsGUSL/s5120/Steventon%20Parish%20Church%20-%20St%20Nicholas.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="All marriages except those by special licence had to take place in the parish church of bride or groom. This is St Nicholas, Steventon, Hampshire, where Jane Austen's father was once rector." border="0" data-original-height="3413" data-original-width="5120" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjauuOHRjc5t9NgrGI0fLLRU47Jb69vdlqmUPDIY5dwKWmdQZKxms4-UY_dIzT0vzlB90FK14b-U_rs5irO1Mbx-yK6TPc-gCfddG0YnXXT0eaxP8Hgv-QDoMopUCP5_fBYK-B8qwgzvdWga0dsVzIgFa_DxX-6ob9wohf8Cke7SBrfhHYSIOxsGUSL/w400-h266/Steventon%20Parish%20Church%20-%20St%20Nicholas.jpg" title="All marriages except those by special licence had to take place in the parish church of bride or groom. This is St Nicholas, Steventon, Hampshire, where Jane Austen's father was once rector." width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">All marriages except those by special licence had to take<br />place in the parish church of bride or groom. <br />This is St Nicholas, Steventon, Hampshire, where <br />Jane Austen's father was once rector.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><b>The residency requirement</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">One interesting thing to note is
that the Act specifically prevented a marriage from being overturned if it was
later found that the residency requirement had not been met. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Parental consent</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">A parent or guardian could not
overturn a marriage by banns of underage parties that had taken place without
their consent. They could prevent the banns being read, but they could not
later have the marriage annulled.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Marriage by licence was a different matter.
If the person applying for the licence had lied about receiving parental
consent, the marriage was technically void. But—and it’s a big but—would the non-consenting
parent want to set the marriage aside?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">I think this is probably where the
misunderstanding about annulment and the non-consummation of the marriage comes
in. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Prior to the 1823 Marriage Act, someone
had to take out a bond for a large sum of money which would be forfeit if it
was later proved that the person applying for the licence had been lying.<sub>2</sub>
I have learned that very few bonds were forfeited, which suggests that in most
cases, parents who had not given their consent were forced to accept the
marriage in an effort to avoid scandal.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">If the spouse was particularly undesirable
or there was a lot of money involved, the non-consenting parent might demand an
annulment. But if the marriage had already been consummated, it was less likely,
particularly if it was the bride who was underage, as she would be ruined. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2020/05/marriage-of-minors-in-regency.html" target="_blank">You can read more about marriage of minors in the Regency here. </a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>An illegal marriage</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Marriages did get declared illegal. Actress
Harriot Mellon married wealthy banker Thomas Coutts at St Pancras Church on 18
January 1815. His family was furious, and investigated the validity of the
marriage. In March 1815 an entry in the marriage register declared the ceremony
illegal. No reason was given, but perhaps the second witness was added later. The
couple were forced to remarry at St Pancras on 12 April.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy_7qnyS_W07KKAFVsnmKvwf8RK_hoIGZmfCs-9THB7413ztd5zAR5tuoNxk33cj3IQCfsOHIK16rzHKvoLRbfEbhkK5--5JHvA2uIFu2iv9gYvZmA-LShr_YI6EIHyDkCGJ3seIWFwmFYothvM7G2DOLhoeA7LObloihfD10cL05X50v9S1SaBqCV/s1239/Thomas%20Coutts%20engraving%20after%20Beechey%20from%20Life%20of%20Thomas%20Coutts%20by%20Coleridge%201920%202.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Harriot, Duchess of St Albans (née Mellon; previous name Coutts) from Memoirs of Harriot, Duchess of St Albans by Mrs Cornwell Baron-Wilson (1840) and Thomas Coutts from Life of Thomas Coutts by EH Coleridge (1920)" border="0" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="1239" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy_7qnyS_W07KKAFVsnmKvwf8RK_hoIGZmfCs-9THB7413ztd5zAR5tuoNxk33cj3IQCfsOHIK16rzHKvoLRbfEbhkK5--5JHvA2uIFu2iv9gYvZmA-LShr_YI6EIHyDkCGJ3seIWFwmFYothvM7G2DOLhoeA7LObloihfD10cL05X50v9S1SaBqCV/w400-h249/Thomas%20Coutts%20engraving%20after%20Beechey%20from%20Life%20of%20Thomas%20Coutts%20by%20Coleridge%201920%202.png" title="Harriot, Duchess of St Albans (née Mellon; previous name Coutts) from Memoirs of Harriot, Duchess of St Albans by Mrs Cornwell Baron-Wilson (1840) and Thomas Coutts from Life of Thomas Coutts by EH Coleridge (1920)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Harriot, Duchess of St Albans (née Mellon; previous name Coutts) <br />from <i>Memoirs of Harriot, Duchess of St Albans</i> <br />by Mrs Cornwell Baron-Wilson (1840) and Thomas Coutts <br />from <i>Life of Thomas Coutts</i> by EH Coleridge (1920)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Voidable marriages</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">There was another category of
marriage that could be annulled. These marriages were not automatically void,
but voidable.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The Church of England had a table of
kindred and affinity that prohibited marriages between people who were closely
related. The list included the prohibition to marry a spouse’s sibling. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2020/04/could-regency-widower-marry-his-wifes.html" target="_blank">You can read more about this in an earlier post of mine here.</a><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">It
should be noted that marriage between cousins was—and still is in the
UK—allowed.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">These marriages were voidable, but valid
if unchallenged during the lifetime of the parties ie once one party had died,
the marriage could no longer be overturned.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Consenting parties</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">A marriage had to be between
consenting parties and could be annulled if either party did not know what they
were doing, because of age or insanity.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The marriage between John Wallop,
3rd Earl of Portsmouth, and his solicitor’s daughter, Mary Anne Hanson, took
place in 1814. After a lengthy enquiry, it was established that the earl had
been insane since 1809, and the marriage was annulled in 1828. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Could a marriage be annulled on
the grounds of impotency?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Theoretically, a marriage could be
annulled on the grounds of impotency, but this was extremely rare. A woman had
to prove her virginity, and if a man later fathered a child, the annulment
could be overturned. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The inability to consummate the
marriage was, however, a valid reason for annulment if a woman were deceived into
marrying another woman, or she discovered she had married a eunuch.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes clean/Christian Regency era romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew. </span></span></div><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Notes</p>
<ol><li><p>Some of the stipulations changed in the Marriage
Act of 1823, which affected marriages after 1 November 1823. The residency
requirement was reduced to 15 days.</p></li>
<li><p>After 1 November 1823, either bride or groom had
to appear in person to apply for a licence, and bonds were no longer required.</p></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Sources used include:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
An Act for amending the Laws respecting the Solemnization of
Marriages in England (18th July 1823)<br />
An Act for the better preventing of clandestine Marriages (1753)<br />
Familysearch.org website<br />
Foreman, Amanda, The Heartbreaking History of Divorce (Smithsonian Magazine, 2014)<br />
Lambeth Palace Research guide</p><p></p>Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-46278905054101415112022-02-26T17:34:00.000+00:002022-02-26T17:34:03.589+00:00How do you address a baronet or knight?<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhojRHCOmeWlJ_sweY7sjI6DbKEnlZdv11YinT8WoFnSlvOzquyYR5sforWPaJjPRDEhubGnrkGaEpcm7x1YTKe0VDem4KntHL9PoDF6qH0dWFaH5sinGBAVdsC8UUY3AtpY1QI2rsFTBmKC3-3i83kPQWAw4Q3SJMKZeXinRPIiesqPfJjZwPRSIZj=s1633" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir Walter Elliot, Bt, walking with Colonel Wallis by H Thomson (1897) From Persuasion by Jane Austen (1897 edition)" border="0" data-original-height="1633" data-original-width="1081" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhojRHCOmeWlJ_sweY7sjI6DbKEnlZdv11YinT8WoFnSlvOzquyYR5sforWPaJjPRDEhubGnrkGaEpcm7x1YTKe0VDem4KntHL9PoDF6qH0dWFaH5sinGBAVdsC8UUY3AtpY1QI2rsFTBmKC3-3i83kPQWAw4Q3SJMKZeXinRPIiesqPfJjZwPRSIZj=w265-h400" title="Sir Walter Elliot, Bt, walking with Colonel Wallis by H Thomson (1897) From Persuasion by Jane Austen (1897 edition)" width="265" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sir Walter Elliot, Bt, walking with <br /></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Colonel Wallis </span></span>by H Thomson (1897) <br />From <i>Persuasion</i> by Jane Austen (1897 edition)<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table>Jane
Austen rarely wrote about peers of the realm, but her books do contain a fair
smattering of baronets and knights—the subject of this post.</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In this
post I answer the following questions:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Are baronets and knights peers?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Are the titles hereditary?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How do you address a baronet or a knight? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How do you address a baronet’s wife or a
knight’s wife?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How do you address a baronet’s widow or a
knight’s widow?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What is a baronetess?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;">Are all orders
of knighthood the same?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I also highlight
a mistake sometimes made by Regency romance authors.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Are
baronets and knights peers?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No. Baronets
and knights are titled gentlemen but not peers. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There are only
five ranks in the English aristocracy: duke, marquess, earl, viscount and
baron. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2018/08/dukes-marquesses-and-other-titles.html" target="_blank"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">You can read about how to address peers here. </span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Baronets
and knights rank below this. They are not lords and could stand as Members of
Parliament in the House of Commons.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Is baronet
a hereditary title?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yes. The
title of baronet is hereditary, passing down the male line in the same way that
aristocratic titles do. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjS_o3iiEVeHFL9bAvJxx5f-8ydKG5kPE7bu3Z0unQjolKZUbYxIxazjegkVcgDJGiMhXxxlqLgJ8RmsAM04FffGh3mE21_V1OZsPAwOKDmBIh71Hxkv9kf33jb80bUDIto3YakUu3wQi2gY0IJQCUbHbuRs1dLtRGXp4ZSAbZ18yOtJLrzQl7j64IA=s3264" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir Rowland Winn, 5th Baronet, and his wife in the library of their house, Nostell Priory (2014)" border="0" data-original-height="2448" data-original-width="3264" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjS_o3iiEVeHFL9bAvJxx5f-8ydKG5kPE7bu3Z0unQjolKZUbYxIxazjegkVcgDJGiMhXxxlqLgJ8RmsAM04FffGh3mE21_V1OZsPAwOKDmBIh71Hxkv9kf33jb80bUDIto3YakUu3wQi2gY0IJQCUbHbuRs1dLtRGXp4ZSAbZ18yOtJLrzQl7j64IA=w400-h300" title="Sir Rowland Winn, 5th Baronet, and his wife in the library of their house, Nostell Priory (2014)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sir Rowland Winn, 5th Baronet, and his wife<br /> in the library of their house, <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2014/03/nostell-priory-regency-history-guide.html" target="_blank">Nostell Priory</a> (2014)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How do you
address a baronet?</span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A baronet
adopts the title Sir Christian-name Surname with the abbreviation Bt or Bart after
it. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For
example, in Jane Austen’s <i>Persuasion</i>, Anne Elliot’s father is a baronet,
and his full title is Sir Walter Elliot, Bt. He is always referred to as Sir
Walter—never as Sir Elliot.<sub>1</sub></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How do you
address a baronet’s wife?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The wife
of a baronet is always referred to as Lady Surname unless she has a title of
her own. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In <i>Persuasion</i>,
Anne Elliot’s deceased mother is referred to as Lady Elliot.<sub>2</sub> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Similarly,
in <i>Mansfield Park</i>, Sir Thomas Bertram’s wife is referred to as Lady
Bertram.<sub>3</sub></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
exception to this rule is when a baronet’s wife has a title of her own. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For
example, Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet (c1688–1740) married Lady Catherine
Seymour, a daughter of Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset. As her husband
was not a peer, Lady Catherine was entitled to keep the title she held
as the daughter of a duke and be called Lady Catherine Wyndham. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2018/09/titles-for-married-daughters-of-dukes.html" target="_blank"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">You can read more about married daughters of peers here. </span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi4gDuD5dE95HXR1RbzJ2YyIYUNpNXbLfxyT5wTvih-mDoYXQ7yPyAWW21NVnOxOsy8i-Q873Ub2YuCO0MbT61I585gO1Ja1FMAgL2usV4hAMkrjYlFeHRDOkQeRg2rDFf28g48xlgK0Z5N7KEAKu7T6_BADA1IQVPJ8w7_pORoYDMf-Ift70owS2Y2=s3264" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Nostell Priory (2014)" border="0" data-original-height="2448" data-original-width="3264" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi4gDuD5dE95HXR1RbzJ2YyIYUNpNXbLfxyT5wTvih-mDoYXQ7yPyAWW21NVnOxOsy8i-Q873Ub2YuCO0MbT61I585gO1Ja1FMAgL2usV4hAMkrjYlFeHRDOkQeRg2rDFf28g48xlgK0Z5N7KEAKu7T6_BADA1IQVPJ8w7_pORoYDMf-Ift70owS2Y2=w400-h300" title="Nostell Priory (2014)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nostell Priory (2014)</td></tr></tbody></table><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How do you
address a baronet’s widow?</span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If a
baronet dies, his widow retains the title she held as his wife unless and until
the next baronet is married, in which case she becomes the Dowager Lady Surname,
or Christian-name, Lady Surname, to distinguish her from the current baronet’s
wife. If she has a title in her own right, she continues to use that. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If she remarries
to a peer, she takes her new husband’s title. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If she remarries
to a commoner, she loses her right to the title of Lady. But if she has her own
title, she continues to use this eg as the daughter of an earl, she becomes Lady
Christian-name New-husband’s-surname. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What is a baronetess?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A
baronetess is either a woman holding the rank of baronet in her own right, or
the wife or widow of a baronet. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It
is extremely rare for women to hold the rank of baronet in their own right, and
there were none during the Regency era. I have only been able to find a couple
of contemporary uses of the term, one of which refers to Dame Mary Bolles, 1st
Baronetess (1579–1662).<sub>4</sub></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg0VwMZ6Y4OKqfx__7mqvXXg2Nfrov1l1EHp21ipQFMV9DN-66p1EYMYHvoGrUbc16Vfc86mLt29-xj2KQwSZKu-IKSgeVe2EIJdRDt-gMsNoHC29WKmGI0MpVVjdpjShIdjdAXY-2tKzrsiKivlPUfkxswE7ZZsGTtqKRJTqdLlX6laaQlt6RclGlz=s1291" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir John Middleton and Mrs Jennings by H Thomson (1896) From Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen (1896 edition)" border="0" data-original-height="1291" data-original-width="1093" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg0VwMZ6Y4OKqfx__7mqvXXg2Nfrov1l1EHp21ipQFMV9DN-66p1EYMYHvoGrUbc16Vfc86mLt29-xj2KQwSZKu-IKSgeVe2EIJdRDt-gMsNoHC29WKmGI0MpVVjdpjShIdjdAXY-2tKzrsiKivlPUfkxswE7ZZsGTtqKRJTqdLlX6laaQlt6RclGlz=w339-h400" title="Sir John Middleton and Mrs Jennings by H Thomson (1896) From Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen (1896 edition)" width="339" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sir John Middleton and Mrs Jennings <br />by H Thomson (1896)<br /> From <i>Sense and Sensibility </i>by Jane Austen (1896 edition)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Is knight
a hereditary title?</span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No. There
are different orders of knighthood, but unlike baronetcies, none of them are hereditary.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Are all
knighthoods the same?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No. In the
Regency, there were various orders of knighthood.<sub>5</sub></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In order
of precedence they were:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Knights of
the Most Noble Order of the Garter</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Knights of
the Most Honourable Order of the Bath </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Knights of
the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Knights
Bachelor</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg5FqeN4voZLQI_TeC6DXabeZhwZWLCpjyqDfg4q0a5uJ1RXznGid3DqCt3Y5WTWzXVFbZDYU24QkVrt_drv0GlYGKGI14O6h9VylAUlxb_QaxUJC536ONfsjdnMnAiZuRknh5Nk_2ahfsphTTnAk-82XY6KvubWdmWbd83OaXoJwkrTA2sR9ais6S2=s1534" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir William presents Elizabeth Bennet to Mr Darcy as a desirable partner by C E Brock (1895) From Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (1895 edition)" border="0" data-original-height="1534" data-original-width="1084" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg5FqeN4voZLQI_TeC6DXabeZhwZWLCpjyqDfg4q0a5uJ1RXznGid3DqCt3Y5WTWzXVFbZDYU24QkVrt_drv0GlYGKGI14O6h9VylAUlxb_QaxUJC536ONfsjdnMnAiZuRknh5Nk_2ahfsphTTnAk-82XY6KvubWdmWbd83OaXoJwkrTA2sR9ais6S2=w283-h400" title="Sir William presents Elizabeth Bennet to Mr Darcy as a desirable partner by C E Brock (1895) From Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (1895 edition)" width="283" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sir William Lucas presents Elizabeth Bennet <br />to Mr Darcy as a desirable partner <br />by C E Brock (1895) from <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> <br />by Jane Austen (1895 edition) </span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How do you
address a knight?</span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A knight
bachelor is the lowest class of knight, and the most common. It is the one we
come across in the novels of Jane Austen. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As with a baronet,
a knight adopts the title Sir Christian-name Surname, though without the word or
abbreviation for baronet after it. Sometimes the name might be written with Knight
or Knt after it in formal documents. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In Jane
Austen’s <i>Pride and Prejudice</i>, Charlotte Lucas’s father was a knight and
was called Sir William Lucas:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Sir William Lucas had been formerly in
trade in Meryton, where he had made a tolerable fortune, and risen to the
honour of knighthood by an address to the king during his mayoralty.<sub>6</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Similarly, in<i> Sense and Sensibility</i>, Mrs Dashwood had a
relative, Sir John Middleton, who was “a gentleman of consequence and property
in Devonshire.<i>”<sub>7</sub></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For the variations
for the other classes of knights, see the end of this post.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How do you
address a knight’s wife?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The rules are
the same as for a baronet’s wife. She is always referred to as Lady Surname
unless she has a title of her own.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the two
examples above, Sir William Lucas’s wife is always referred to as Lady Lucas,
and Sir John Middleton’s wife as Lady Middleton.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How do you
address a knight’s widow?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The widow
of a knight may continue to use the designation Lady Surname unless she
remarries. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In <i>Persuasion</i>,
Anne Elliot’s friend, Lady Russell, is the widow of Sir Henry Russell, a knight.<sub>8</sub></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If she has
a title in her own right, she continues to use that.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In <i>Pride
and Prejudice</i>, Mr Darcy’s aunt is referred to as Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Mr
Collins writes:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>I have
been so fortunate as to be distinguished by the patronage of the Right
Honourable Lady Catherine de Bourgh, widow of Sir Lewis de Bourgh.<sub>9</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As Mr
Collins made a lot of Lady Catherine’s patronage, and Sir Lewis de Bourgh is
not described as a baronet, I assume he was a knight. On her marriage, Lady
Catherine retained the use of her title as the daughter of an earl. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Although
it doesn’t say this directly in the book, we can deduce this because we know
that one of Lady Catherine’s nephews, Colonel Fitzwilliam, is the younger son
of an earl—Lady Catherine’s brother. He must have inherited this title from his
father, making Lady Catherine the daughter of an earl.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On her
husband’s death, Lady Catherine continued to use her title, Lady Catherine de
Bourgh.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjQSPcn0tVHSL5Kv2LOvVoMveY9zTCQ-UAq0QYDoDFOvTm2HG8hZbau8xS455VHfMKYjj3K5EdDfTQeGc3HKz6bbykvEt4gQVZlkRrNYFBiPVek0g6L7zcLNg7CBzhfq7pVyt7xbhnxEypEhLn0z64Uupm3aL86GeoI-w45mhL-Qgh2cUCMcI6Dbo9h=s1702" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lady Catherine de Bourgh by C E Brock (1895) From Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (1895 edition)" border="0" data-original-height="1702" data-original-width="1054" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjQSPcn0tVHSL5Kv2LOvVoMveY9zTCQ-UAq0QYDoDFOvTm2HG8hZbau8xS455VHfMKYjj3K5EdDfTQeGc3HKz6bbykvEt4gQVZlkRrNYFBiPVek0g6L7zcLNg7CBzhfq7pVyt7xbhnxEypEhLn0z64Uupm3aL86GeoI-w45mhL-Qgh2cUCMcI6Dbo9h=w248-h400" title="Lady Catherine de Bourgh by C E Brock (1895) From Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (1895 edition)" width="248" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lady Catherine de Bourgh by C E Brock (1895)<br /> From <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> by Jane Austen (1895 edition) </span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Who ranks
more highly, a baronet or a knight?</span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With the
exception of Knights of the Order of the Garter, baronets rank higher than
knights.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In <i>Per</i>suasion,
Lady Russell is fully aware of this:</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>Lady Russell…had a cultivated
mind, and was, generally speaking, rational and consistent; but she had
prejudices on the side of ancestry; she had a value for rank and consequence,
which blinded her a little to the faults of those who possessed them. Herself
the widow of only a knight, she gave the dignity of a baronet all its due; and
Sir Walter, independent of his claims as an old acquaintance, an attentive
neighbour, an obliging landlord, the husband of her very dear friend, the
father of Anne and her sisters, was, as being Sir Walter, in her apprehension,
entitled to a great deal of compassion and consideration under his present
difficulties.<sub>10</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A word of
warning to Regency romance authors</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Titles are
tricky, and it is easy to make mistakes, particularly when introducing your
characters for the first time. It is tempting to give the wife of a baronet or knight
as full a name as possible, with both title and Christian name. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The basic
rule is don’t mix and match! If she’s got no title, she’s always Lady Surname.
If she has the courtesy title of Lady from her father, she’s always Lady
Christian-name Surname.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Let us
take the example of Lady Bertram in Mansfield Park. She has no title of her own
and so would always be referred to as Lady Bertram, never as Lady Maria Bertram.
If you wanted to introduce her with her Christian name, you could say Maria,
Lady Bertram. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jane
Austen’s introduction of Lady Bertram reads:</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>About thirty years ago Miss Maria
Ward, of Huntingdon, with only seven thousand pounds, had the good luck to
captivate Sir Thomas Bertram, of Mansfield Park, in the county of Northampton,
and to be thereby raised to the rank of a baronet’s lady, with all the comforts
and consequences of a handsome house and large income.<sub>11</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If Sir
Thomas Bertram’s wife were titled eg as the daughter of an earl, it would be
correct to call her Lady Maria Bertram, but then she would be referred to as
Lady Maria all through the book and never Lady Bertram. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgz_dpcoNIxCZAm-ehgTMc2EGEdNnWVnkDuwSYwhjUQGzslHOEw-iwi3lDrTGKq-IwLTuZlakRYfugtctMdmhIcj-OyMDGVHrt5bNFBwRRf28NCot_rC2gwy_auezF_Pw93k0fwD6vg_ctwSTj9xEq7F0xs8hHRH64si3hjhnEZqEzQGVcy7HnT2EX1=s1089" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lady Bertram by H Thomson (1897) From Mansfield Park by Jane Austen (1897 edition)" border="0" data-original-height="997" data-original-width="1089" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgz_dpcoNIxCZAm-ehgTMc2EGEdNnWVnkDuwSYwhjUQGzslHOEw-iwi3lDrTGKq-IwLTuZlakRYfugtctMdmhIcj-OyMDGVHrt5bNFBwRRf28NCot_rC2gwy_auezF_Pw93k0fwD6vg_ctwSTj9xEq7F0xs8hHRH64si3hjhnEZqEzQGVcy7HnT2EX1=w320-h293" title="Lady Bertram by H Thomson (1897) From Mansfield Park by Jane Austen (1897 edition)" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lady Bertram by H Thomson (1897) <br />From <i>Mansfield Park</i> by Jane Austen (1897 edition)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The higher
orders of knighthood</span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
addition to being called Sir Christian-name Surname if otherwise untitled,
knights of the higher orders had letters after their names.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Most
Noble Order of the Garter</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Knights of
the Garter were members of royalty or peers, and were distinguished by the initials
KG after their name eg Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, KG, made a Knight of
the Garter in 1812.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Most Honourable
Order of the Bath</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
originally had a single class of membership—the Knights Companion—signified by the
letters KB after the name. It was reorganised by the Prince Regent on 2 January
1815 to increase the opportunity for honouring those who had served in the Peninsular
War.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Order
of the Bath was divided into three classes, the first two of which were knights.
All existing members of the Order were automatically transferred to the highest
level of the new system, Knights Grand Cross:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Knights Grand
Cross distinguished by the initials GCB after the name eg Arthur Wellesley, 1st
Duke of Wellington, GCB</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Knights
Commanders distinguished by the initials KCB after the name. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Companions
– these are not knights but are distinguished by the letters CB after the name.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Most
Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Order
of St Michael and St George was introduced by the Prince Regent in 1818.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As above, there
are three classes, the first two of which are knights:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Knights Grand
Cross distinguished by the initials GCMG after the name.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Knights
Commanders distinguished by the initials KCMG after the name.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Companions
– these are not knights, but are distinguished by the letters CMG after the
name.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes clean/Christian Regency era romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew. </span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage me and help me to keep making my research freely available, please buy me a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p>
<iframe height="712" id="kofiframe" src="https://ko-fi.com/regencyhistory/?hidefeed=true&widget=true&embed=true&preview=true" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: none; padding: 4px; width: 100%;" title="regencyhistory"></iframe>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Notes</span></p><ol style="text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></p><li style="text-align: justify;">Austen,
Jane, <i>Persuasion</i> (1817).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Ibid.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Austen, Jane, <i>Mansfield Park</i> (1814).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Brydson, Thomas, <i>A Summary View of Heraldry
</i>(1795).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Scottish nobles could be made Knights of the
Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, which ranked after the Order
of the Garter. They were distinguished by the initials KT after their name. A further order of knights was the knights
banneret, a military honour conferred by the sovereign. It ranked below the
Order of the Garter but above baronets, but there seems to be some debate as to
whether this order still existed in the Regency or not.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Austen,
Jane, <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> (1813).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Austen,
Jane, <i>Sense and Sensibility</i> (1811).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Austen,
Jane, <i>Persuasion</i> (1817).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Austen,
Jane, <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> (1813).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Austen,
Jane, <i>Persuasion </i>(1817).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Austen,
Jane, <i>Mansfield Park</i> (1814).</li><p></p></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sources
used include:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Austen,
Jane, <i>Mansfield Park</i> (1814)<br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Persuasion</i> (1817)<br />
Austen,Jane, <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> (1813)<br />
Austen,Jane, <i>Sense and Sensibility</i> (1811)<br />
Black,Adam and Charles (publishers), <i>Titles and forms of address - a guide to their
correct use</i> (9th edition)(1955)<br />
Blackstone,Sir W, <i>Commentaries on the Laws of England </i>Vol 1 (1826)<br />
Brydson,Thomas, <i>A Summary View of Heraldry</i> (1795)<br />
Debrett,John, <i>Debrett's Baronetage of England</i> (1835)<br />
Lamb,Charles, <i>A book explaining the ranks and dignities of British Society</i> (1809)</span></p>Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-90620245660033916862022-02-10T22:06:00.001+00:002022-02-10T22:06:39.936+00:00Book review: Rescuing Lord Inglewood by Sally Britton<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjDz--iT8cg-sZw2VDxI7JH334F-uFdtJJFxHmZAo3K45bgTim6LJcmGAsM-YvZcCSezGFGRX9yIituYaV8VBUtBdt1-6kNc_EN-GDNjh9yIb1jeCsTtFxdthkRn-lmJHpRq-A3NnY-jMenTKMYOMoZz3j0Sdu8XEa3igDsC4iKEqVD6hbNKUlImJh_=s1080" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Cover of Rescuing Lord Inglewood by Sally Britton with background of greenery overlooking sea" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjDz--iT8cg-sZw2VDxI7JH334F-uFdtJJFxHmZAo3K45bgTim6LJcmGAsM-YvZcCSezGFGRX9yIituYaV8VBUtBdt1-6kNc_EN-GDNjh9yIb1jeCsTtFxdthkRn-lmJHpRq-A3NnY-jMenTKMYOMoZz3j0Sdu8XEa3igDsC4iKEqVD6hbNKUlImJh_=w400-h400" title="Cover of Rescuing Lord Inglewood by Sally Britton" width="400" /></a></div><br />Esther Fox has never felt she
belonged. She always feels on the outside and other people are always making
decisions for her. With her brother Isaac at war, she is forced to live in
London with her step-brother. When her quick actions save the life of her
brother’s best friend, Silas Riley, Lord Inglewood, in a somewhat compromising
manner, the cold earl decides he must marry her to save her reputation. Esther has
no say in the matter. <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">With such an unpromising start to
their marriage, can a shared loss draw them together to find love? </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>A moving story of loss, loyalty
and love</b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><b><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i>Rescuing Lord Inglewood</i> is the first
book in the Inglewood series but not the first one I read. I picked up <i>Engaging
Sir Isaac</i> (book 4) in a deal last year and ever since reading it, I’ve been
looking forward to the rest of the series. I was not disappointed. It was a
captivating and easy-to-read Regency romance with a reputation-saving-marriage theme.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">I loved reading Esther’s story. It
is so true to the period – for women to be free to make so few decisions for
themselves, and how trapped that must have made them feel. I really enjoyed the
intensity of Esther’s emotions, how Silas gradually opens up, and the moving
descriptions of experiencing loss.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The book opens in March 1814. I like
to know when a story is set, so for me, this is always the best way to start. There
were some nice historical details, such as references to events in the Napoleonic
war and to Mrs Radcliffe’s novels, and only a couple of things I stopped to
question.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Probably the best recommendation I
can give this book is that as soon as I finished it, I started reading the next
book in the series. </p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiHiNRfY9usulymO6zb3dAYoFMk4or-2LfABCGyCX3RX49cqCn0mO4pB-F5LhL5aPciRRPJyynm3w6QIFFz6tAQ7CafNSf-tyBdYhUMvQfXtZFlinV8SeG11C5nBD_kj0RJ_kGMa5oCSDBYqpEHZ-dtYahGrVApPqItHAOVYJxx7HgqVwuKGdWd1ojp=s1080" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Quote from Rescuing Lord Inglewood by Sally Britton with book cover and background of greenery overlooking sea" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiHiNRfY9usulymO6zb3dAYoFMk4or-2LfABCGyCX3RX49cqCn0mO4pB-F5LhL5aPciRRPJyynm3w6QIFFz6tAQ7CafNSf-tyBdYhUMvQfXtZFlinV8SeG11C5nBD_kj0RJ_kGMa5oCSDBYqpEHZ-dtYahGrVApPqItHAOVYJxx7HgqVwuKGdWd1ojp=w400-h400" title="Quote from Rescuing Lord Inglewood by Sally Britton" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><b><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
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</b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Night-rails</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">I’m always interested in new words,
and when I came across the word night-rail, I went scurrying to my etymological
dictionary. That didn’t help, as there was no mention of the word, but I found
an entry in Dr Johnson’s dictionary—spelt without the hyphen—meaning a light kind
of nightdress. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Baronets and baronetesses</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">At one point, Esther refers to her mother
as a baronetess—not a term I was particularly familiar with. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A little research showed me that it was a
perfectly valid use as it can refer to the wife or widow of a baronet, as well
as to a woman holding the rank of baronet in her own right. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">A little quibble. At one point, Sir
Isaac is referred to as a titled lord. Baronet is a hereditary title, but baronets
are not peers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Periods of mourning</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Six months is quoted as the usual
period of mourning for a sibling. There is plenty of information available
about mourning in the Victorian period, but much less about mourning in the
Regency. I have started to research this area, but so far have struggled to
find any definitive list of periods of mourning in the Regency with satisfactory
sources. I will keep searching!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Clean and sweet?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">Clean language and low heat level. Some
trauma from dealing with grief. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes clean/Christian Regency era romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew. </span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage me and help me to keep making my research freely available, please buy me a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p><p>
<iframe height="712" id="kofiframe" src="https://ko-fi.com/regencyhistory/?hidefeed=true&widget=true&embed=true&preview=true" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: none; padding: 4px; width: 100%;" title="regencyhistory"></iframe> </p><p><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/p/rachels-regency-reviews-index.html " target="_blank">Find more of my reviews of clean/Christian Regency era romance here. </a><br /></p>Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-39032281255957791812022-01-28T18:16:00.004+00:002022-12-15T12:16:01.640+00:00Tea drinking in the Regency <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjs4XMYiblnO8EZHPvHJv_jxi63Ftcqe7xPZHxleH8rqJ5irLWO7Ce5gXR-TcIL-mCby0_TqX7hRBkoYQZnngZTylUtrR7YqQ1crDXqpS3zJtkSMi4I7obzHfL1eX5vuwxmYBTmvhIP_fXyhTCZ-pUs84slw5Bh754C2qAOQbWjYE1stxsYv3ICccIX=s560" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lady in morning dress sitting beside a tea table from Ackermann's Repository (1822)" border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="496" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjs4XMYiblnO8EZHPvHJv_jxi63Ftcqe7xPZHxleH8rqJ5irLWO7Ce5gXR-TcIL-mCby0_TqX7hRBkoYQZnngZTylUtrR7YqQ1crDXqpS3zJtkSMi4I7obzHfL1eX5vuwxmYBTmvhIP_fXyhTCZ-pUs84slw5Bh754C2qAOQbWjYE1stxsYv3ICccIX=w354-h400" title="Morning dress from Ackermann's Repository (1822)" width="354" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Morning dress from <i>Ackermann's Repositor</i>y (1822)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? It’s an easy choice for me as I don’t like coffee, but I love tea – black tea or what is sometimes called English breakfast tea. I like
it weak with milk and no sugar, and I drink it all day long, from breakfast to
bedtime.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">But what about
during the Regency? Did people drink tea or coffee? And when did they drink
these beverages?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhcPKvvMbFMnuCkhn_B-RtyxhegfIM-zxnhb9sS56OuBPwFuhxcN2gLmQsNxZQcAaEYuwxWiepOPRqLHypSVQsNtXVy-X1JoKupkSlgaUzpmHfUVsXZbMNF9eYSegi1YdHXmDw47G5oilSztSSOT0THzXSdIu1eVH8SRl1vppex-dW0i9wKgLLCEH8z=s2035" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Hester Thrale's Meissen tea service on display at Dr Johnson's House Museum" border="0" data-original-height="1216" data-original-width="2035" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhcPKvvMbFMnuCkhn_B-RtyxhegfIM-zxnhb9sS56OuBPwFuhxcN2gLmQsNxZQcAaEYuwxWiepOPRqLHypSVQsNtXVy-X1JoKupkSlgaUzpmHfUVsXZbMNF9eYSegi1YdHXmDw47G5oilSztSSOT0THzXSdIu1eVH8SRl1vppex-dW0i9wKgLLCEH8z=w400-h239" title="Hester Thrale's Meissen tea service on display at Dr Johnson's House Museum" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hester Thrale's Meissen tea service<br /> on display at <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2015/09/dr-johnsons-house-museum-regency.html" target="_blank">Dr Johnson's House Museum</a> (2015)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><b>A nation of
tea drinkers</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Most of Europe
drank coffee, but England was primarily a nation of tea drinkers. Why? Quite possibly
as the result of a powerful advertising campaign!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The English’s preference
for tea goes back to the mid-1600s. The East India Company had a monopoly on
the import of tea from China, and it was therefore in their interests to increase sales
of tea. It is likely that the English started drinking more tea at least in
part because of East India Company propaganda promoting tea.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Another factor
was war with France and Spain which made it hard to get supplies of coffee from
the Levant, whilst trade routes from China were reliable. The obvious solution
was to drink tea rather than coffee.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhE-sMw8xDJ3LdK6tZmgDIOo-tme-Bx-viVbVe7I1Rjkl5cjdU5kz-ZP5efwpgz0Y9v-yRH4b_vnD_TzuzRFOspJ_XP_vrn-Vcz7cIk75cituj7uKzts3BWSzGSxAsXOJPF_XuOyl2octlKPnWkTEzfLoG90Ne-ymhWsORIl9FF_skVey8fnXJDeOzz=s2202" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lady in morning dress seated with a cup of tea in her lap from Ackermann's Repository (1814)" border="0" data-original-height="2202" data-original-width="1794" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhE-sMw8xDJ3LdK6tZmgDIOo-tme-Bx-viVbVe7I1Rjkl5cjdU5kz-ZP5efwpgz0Y9v-yRH4b_vnD_TzuzRFOspJ_XP_vrn-Vcz7cIk75cituj7uKzts3BWSzGSxAsXOJPF_XuOyl2octlKPnWkTEzfLoG90Ne-ymhWsORIl9FF_skVey8fnXJDeOzz=w326-h400" title="Morning dress from Ackermann's Repository (1814)" width="326" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Morning dress from Ackermann's Repository (1814)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><b>Luxury or
necessity?</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Tea was expensive.
The price varied depending on the retailer, the type of tea and the year, but good
quality tea was not cheap. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">For example, in
1815 the average price per pound of tea paid by the Greenwich Hospital was 6s 3
1/2d.<sub>1</sub> In real terms for 2020, this equates to £23.85. This sounds
pretty expensive to me – and I imagine the Greenwich Hospital was buying tea at
the cheaper end of the market. If you take into account average wages at the
time, the real cost of a pound of tea was more like £256.30.<sub>2</sub> Definitely
a luxury good!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The price of tea
was inflated due to high customs and excise duties. As a result, large
quantities of tea were smuggled into the country to avoid the taxes. Before the
Tea and Window Act of 1784, the tax on tea amounted to 119% of its cost! The
Act reduced the tax rate to 12 1/2%, but after this, rates increased again, and
smuggling continued.<sub>3</sub></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Despite its expense,
everyone drank tea. Some saw drinking tea as the exclusive privilege of the wealthy
and objected to the lower classes adopting the habit. Others, like the Methodists,
thought drinking tea should be encouraged in preference to drinking alcohol. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The poor could
make a few tea leaves go a long way. I don’t suppose the slightly flavoured
water they drank bore much resemblance to the rich infusion of tea
served in the houses of the <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2014/12/what-is-haut-ton.html" target="_blank">haut ton</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Smouch</b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Cheaper tea was
often smuggled, and may have been smouch rather than pure tea.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Unscrupulous
merchants could make a pound of tea go further by mixing it with other, cheaper
leaves. Black tea could be mixed with ash leaves to make what was known as smouch.
The process sounds revolting as it involved using sheep’s dung to make the
smouch look more like tea.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">As it was easier
to mix other leaves with green tea, a preference for black tea developed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Licenced to
sell</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLBn3t3667BSApVpDgD_O_xUSvhujeAxQVfa-zYqV91VOebZQsZeJkNM01oHFpNItOC5GRj6rUYTrd0g9eQNHCQDG7te-8f_4MQA8SWoTv0FLbQtMRyAaIiiH7CXKaJH7-hh_87t8o5jnjo7SOjoS2QOZzZ7S5a80hggBzmF-MERM3cW_1p2d_AMAU=s3648" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Entrance to Twinings on Strand (2021)" border="0" data-original-height="3648" data-original-width="2736" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLBn3t3667BSApVpDgD_O_xUSvhujeAxQVfa-zYqV91VOebZQsZeJkNM01oHFpNItOC5GRj6rUYTrd0g9eQNHCQDG7te-8f_4MQA8SWoTv0FLbQtMRyAaIiiH7CXKaJH7-hh_87t8o5jnjo7SOjoS2QOZzZ7S5a80hggBzmF-MERM3cW_1p2d_AMAU=w300-h400" title="Entrance to Twinings on Strand (2021)" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Entrance to Twinings on Strand (2021)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Adulterating tea
by mixing it with sloe, liquorice or any other leaves was a criminal offence. To
combat this risk, dealers in coffee, tea and chocolate had to be licensed. People
could buy tea for drinking at home from coffee houses, apothecaries, and other
merchants. As the popularity of tea grew, specialist tea shops like Twinings on
Strand developed. </div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Tea was usually
bought by the pound, loose from the crate, and wrapped in a screw of paper. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">The most common
varieties of tea on offer were bohea (black tea) and hyson (green tea).
Twinings sold other types such as Pekoe, Imperial and Congo, and could mix the
teas together to produce custom blends. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In a letter of
1811, Jane Austen refers to starting her China Tea and finding it very good.<sub>4</sub></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>When did
people drink tea?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhLezOD6YgpNPDVvPdBIAGkXPPPJ46xmOvNhnLYv1m1TFAO0bX9cQMkcA8dBo-Iy4sBuzfuoqTJlANV0U6Fi29c3j-WUbtQAlcYr6ITTnjsgrpKufV3AeBu-1OkJK_PoamLvtF-x1oeEQwgkcvHgt2-S2l7sWeqADpu-hLolPPSqxaJKrCK6lOBpV2h=s3501" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Tea caddies and urn at Dunham Massey (2019)" border="0" data-original-height="1833" data-original-width="3501" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhLezOD6YgpNPDVvPdBIAGkXPPPJ46xmOvNhnLYv1m1TFAO0bX9cQMkcA8dBo-Iy4sBuzfuoqTJlANV0U6Fi29c3j-WUbtQAlcYr6ITTnjsgrpKufV3AeBu-1OkJK_PoamLvtF-x1oeEQwgkcvHgt2-S2l7sWeqADpu-hLolPPSqxaJKrCK6lOBpV2h=w400-h210" title="Tea caddies and urn at Dunham Massey (2019)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tea caddies and urn at Dunham Massey (2019)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Tea was drunk
twice a day in most households – at breakfast and after dinner – though some
people drank coffee instead. </div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Those that could
afford it added milk or cream, and nearly everyone took sugar until the 1790s
when around 300,000 households boycotted sugar in support of the abolitionist
movement.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Because tea was expensive,
it was often kept locked up in a tea caddy. Hot water was provided by an urn,
on or near the table, and the lady of the house, or one of her daughters, was usually
responsible for making the tea.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Tea at
breakfast time</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/04/breakfast-in-regency.html" target="_blank">You can read about Regency breakfast time here.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Don Manuel Alvare
Espriella, a Spanish traveller, described his experience of an English breakfast
in 1802:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The breakfast-table is a cheerful sight in this country: porcelain of
their own manufactory, which excels the Chinese in elegance of form and
ornament, is ranged on a Japan waiter, also of the country fabric; for here
they imitate every thing. The mistress sits at the head of the board, and
opposite to her the boiling water smokes and sings in an urn of Etruscan shape.
The coffee is contained in a smaller vase of the same shape, or in a larger
kind of tea-pot, wherein the grain-is suspended in a bag; but nothing is so
detestable as an Englishman's coffee. The washing of our after-dinner cups
would make a mixture as good; the infusion is just strong enough to make the
water brown and bitter. This is not occasioned by economy, though coffee is
enormously dear, for the people are extravagant in the expences of the table:
they know no better; and if you tell them how it ought to be made, they reply,
that it must be very disagreeable, and even that if they could drink it so
strong, it would prevent them from sleeping. There is besides an act of
parliament to prevent the English from drinking good coffee: they are not
permitted to roast it them selves, and of course all the fresh and finer
flavour evaporates in the warehouse. They make amends however by the excellence
of their tea, which is still very cheap, though the ministry, in violation of
an explicit bargain, increased the tax upon it four fold, during the last war.
This is made in a vessel of silver, or of a fine black porcelain: they do not
use boiled milk with it, but cream in its fresh state, which renders it a very
delightful beverage.<sub>5</sub></span></i></blockquote></div><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">I am intrigued
that Espriella described tea as very cheap as everything else I’ve read suggests
it was expensive, but maybe it was in comparison to what it cost him at home or
to the price of coffee. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Jane Austen’s brother
Edward preferred coffee. In a letter of 1799, she wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>It is rather impertinent to
suggest any household care to a housekeeper, but I just venture to say that the
coffee-mill will be wanted every day while Edward is at Steventon, as he always
drinks coffee for breakfast.<sub>6</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Tea and coffee
after dinner</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/06/dinnertime-in-regency.html" target="_blank">You can read about Regency dinnertime here. </a><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">After dinner, the
ladies normally left the gentlemen to drink wine and regrouped in the
drawing room. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/09/drink-at-regency-dinner-table-regency.html" target="_blank">You can read more about this custom at the end of my blog on drink at the Regency dinner table here.</a> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Tea and coffee
were served when the gentlemen re-joined the ladies. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>Pride and Prejudice</i>,
Jane Austen describes after-dinner teatime at Longbourn:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>The gentlemen
came; and she [Elizabeth Bennet] thought he [Mr Darcy] looked as if he would
have answered her hopes; but, alas! the ladies had crowded round the table,
where Miss Bennet was making tea, and Elizabeth pouring out the coffee, in so
close a confederacy that there was not a single vacancy near her which would
admit of a chair.<sub>7</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjwFkTEwEPMvcpqOemoj35TdDyBDAYJhcpcnjcQWNKAs7EjSbbTYIfCedCWlqeHpag9jXM-WYcH7O5cnBJ84yS0ETsyYGrzWOe8n5Pjje1CtZo1_HPJDvMRxE4Ou7s7mqBAhgXD721vhf0p2W4OqCOQajwLO9UjJjtYd6k-T6-bqaM3ccU2IWKcOnvx=s4000" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The tearoom in Queen Charlotte's Cottage, Kew (2013)" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjwFkTEwEPMvcpqOemoj35TdDyBDAYJhcpcnjcQWNKAs7EjSbbTYIfCedCWlqeHpag9jXM-WYcH7O5cnBJ84yS0ETsyYGrzWOe8n5Pjje1CtZo1_HPJDvMRxE4Ou7s7mqBAhgXD721vhf0p2W4OqCOQajwLO9UjJjtYd6k-T6-bqaM3ccU2IWKcOnvx=w400-h300" title="The tearoom in Queen Charlotte's Cottage, Kew (2013)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The tearoom in Queen Charlotte's Cottage, Kew (2013)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>In the summer, they
would sometimes drink tea outside in a teahouse or tent in the grounds. <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Queen Charlotte's Cottage, Kew, has a tearoom upstairs. <a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/2014/02/queen-charlottes-cottage-regency.html" target="_blank">You can read about it here.</a><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In Jane Austen’s <i>Emma</i>,
Harriet Smith talks of Mrs Martin </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>…having a
very handsome summer-house in their garden, where some day next year they were
all to drink tea:—a very handsome summer-house, large enough to hold a dozen
people.<sub>8</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Inviting people
to join you for tea was a popular way of entertaining into the evening. Compared
to having someone to dinner, it was less formal, less expensive, conferred less
distinction, and was not restricted by the number of people you could get
around your dining table. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>Pride and
Prejudice</i>, when Elizabeth Bennet goes to visit Charlotte, Mr Collins was
hopeful of an invitation to tea:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>“I confess,”
said he, “that I should not have been at all surprised by her ladyship’s asking
us on Sunday to drink tea and spend the evening at Rosings.”<sub>9</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Charlotte’s
sister Maria kept a tally of how often Lady Catherine had invited them to Rosings:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>“We have dined
nine times at Rosings, besides drinking tea there twice! How much I shall have
to tell!”<sub>10</sub></i></blockquote></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In <i>Emma</i>, Jane
Austen spontaneously invited her friends to come in for tea:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>He [Mr
Knightley] had walked up one day after dinner, as he very often did, to spend
his evening at Hartfield. Emma and Harriet were going to walk; he joined them;
and, on returning, they fell in with a larger party, who, like themselves,
judged it wisest to take their exercise early, as the weather threatened rain;
Mr and Mrs Weston and their son, Miss Bates and her niece, who had
accidentally met. They all united; and, on reaching Hartfield gates, Emma, who
knew it was exactly the sort of visiting that would be welcome to her father,
pressed them all to go in and drink tea with him. The Randalls party agreed to
it immediately; and after a pretty long speech from Miss Bates, which few persons
listened to, she also found it possible to accept dear Miss Woodhouse’s most
obliging invitation.<sub>11</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Jane Austen often
wrote of drinking tea with friends. In a letter in April 1811 she wrote:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 347.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i>We
drank tea again yesterday with the Tilsons, and met the Smiths. – I find all these
little parties very pleasant.<sub>12</sub></i></blockquote></div><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjqzpE-pTzUN2JPgvb5FB4_u_wZHIvtcF-o2HYnX7hZDCzdBbREnYEkUMhoAN0d6akTXUa_XNDbS47E2VSrPlijPRX6mAKgzIj9wb-jlq_mJSVRvj1WUnDJGX3_JfIpB_gNR68Bc1XYTikrkROfEZBVgv0a4367LN_pBIH31qBBcqYD-LwsE0lybQ0k=s3584" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Queen Charlotte's tea things, Kew Palace (2013)" border="0" data-original-height="2984" data-original-width="3584" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjqzpE-pTzUN2JPgvb5FB4_u_wZHIvtcF-o2HYnX7hZDCzdBbREnYEkUMhoAN0d6akTXUa_XNDbS47E2VSrPlijPRX6mAKgzIj9wb-jlq_mJSVRvj1WUnDJGX3_JfIpB_gNR68Bc1XYTikrkROfEZBVgv0a4367LN_pBIH31qBBcqYD-LwsE0lybQ0k=w400-h333" title="Queen Charlotte's tea things, Kew Palace (2013)" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tea things in Queen Charlotte's drawing room, <br />Kew Palace (2013)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><b>Tea addicts</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Of course, there
were tea addicts, like Samuel Johnson, who was renowned for drinking tea at all
times of the day. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">In a response to
a criticism of tea-drinking written in 1757, Johnson admitted that he was</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">…a hardened and shameless tea-drinker, who has, for twenty years,
diluted his meals with only the infusion of this fascinating plant; whose
kettle has scarcely time to cool; who with tea amuses the evening, with tea
solaces the midnight, and, with tea, welcomes the morning.<sub>13</sub></span></i></blockquote></div><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">That sounds like
me… <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes clean/Christian Regency era romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew. </span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage me and help me to keep making my research freely available, please buy me a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p><p>
<iframe height="712" id="kofiframe" src="https://ko-fi.com/regencyhistory/?hidefeed=true&widget=true&embed=true&preview=true" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: none; padding: 4px; width: 100%;" title="regencyhistory"></iframe> </p><p>Notes
</p><ol>
<li>These figures are from Levi, Leone, <i>Wages and Earnings of the Working Classe</i>s (1867).</li>
<li>These figures are from <a href="https://www.measuringworth.com/" target="_blank">The Measuring Worth website. </a><br /></li>
<li>These figures are from Wisset, Robert, <i>A View of the rise, progress and present state of the Tea Trade in Europe</i> (1801).</li>
<li> Austen, Jane, <i>Jane Austen's Letters</i>, Collected and Edited by Le Faye, Deirdre (Oxford University Press, 1995).</li>
<li> Espriella, Don Manuel Alvare, <i>Letters from England</i>, translated from the Spanish by Robert Southey 3rd edition (1814) Volume 1.</li>
<li>Austen op cit.</li>
<li>Austen, Jane, <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> (1813, London).</li>
<li>Austen, Jane, <i>Emma</i> (1815, London).</li>
<li>Austen, Jane, <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> (1813, London).</li>
<li>Ibid.</li>
<li>Austen, Jane, <i>Emma</i> (1815, London).</li>
<li> Austen, Jane, <i>Jane Austen's Letters</i>, Collected and Edited by Le Faye, Deirdre (Oxford University Press, 1995).</li>
<li> Johnson, Samuel, <i>Works of Samuel Johnson</i> Vol 6/11 (1825)</li>
</ol><p>
Sources used include: </p>
<p>Austen, Jane, <i>Emma</i> (1815, London)<br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Jane Austen's Letters</i>, Collected and Edited by Le Faye, Deirdre (Oxford University Press, 1995)<br />
Austen, Jane, <i>Pride and Prejudic</i>e (1813, London)<br />
Cruickshank, Dan and Burton, Neil, <i>Life in the Georgian City</i> (1990)<br />
Espriella, Don Manuel Alvare, <i>Letters from England</i>, translated from the Spanish by Robert Southey 3rd edition (1814) Volume 1<br />
Johnson, Samuel, <i>Works of Samuel Johnson</i> Vol 6/11 (1825)<br />
Levi, Leone, <i>Wages and Earnings of the Working Classe</i>s (1867)<br />
Pettigrew, Jane and Richardson, Bruce, <i>A Social History of Tea</i> (2014)<br />
Twining, Richard, <i>Observations on the Tea and Window Act and on the Tea Trad</i>e (1785)<br />
<a href="https://twinings.co.uk/blogs/news/history-of-twinings" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Twinings website </a><br />
Wisset, Robert, <i>A View of the rise, progress and present state of the Tea Trade in Europe</i> (1801)<br />
</p><p></p>Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-196124033481143515.post-17370267304537275422022-01-12T16:21:00.003+00:002022-02-10T22:02:37.801+00:00Book review: The Captain's Confidant by Ashtyn Newbold<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLsNlkSrTmwFCJA8PYLcvGzWu_HUDYGM9KyV9odBCQwg1AcXGDO157EWWIg0ou4SQ7t72emb3N4lOl4y3s_mOpm1vyFciWzb7w3H7UkCKilkOMVhEosV9ZWY4rXYifYYpK4RyC7X7a1TxPdW8c0ZIssoFC56NHWzAoQqV_fzPJczUdNBb54HFhwxwS=s1080" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Front cover of The Captain's Confidant by Ashtyn Newbold against background of rough sea and cliffs" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLsNlkSrTmwFCJA8PYLcvGzWu_HUDYGM9KyV9odBCQwg1AcXGDO157EWWIg0ou4SQ7t72emb3N4lOl4y3s_mOpm1vyFciWzb7w3H7UkCKilkOMVhEosV9ZWY4rXYifYYpK4RyC7X7a1TxPdW8c0ZIssoFC56NHWzAoQqV_fzPJczUdNBb54HFhwxwS=w400-h400" title="Front cover of The Captain's Confidant by Ashtyn Newbold" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Bridget Northcott has loved her
brother’s best friend, Colin Foster, ever since she was a girl. He was the one
who comforted her during her mother’s illness and death. The one who encouraged
her to be kind and gave her good advice. At last Captain Foster returns from
his life in the navy but the long-awaited reunion is not what Bridget had hoped
for. Colin has changed. He has become hard. Distant. Unavailable.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>A powerful story of love and
duty, jealousy and forgiveness</b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">I loved this story of how Bridget’s selfless
love reclaims Colin from despair. Newbold employed regular flashbacks into
Bridget’s past to give the backstory of her friendship with Colin and her sour
relationship with Tabitha Terrell in small doses. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">This is the second book in the
Larkhall Letters series and, unsurprisingly, letters play a big role in the
development of the plot. It is a real battle between love and duty, and I loved
the intense emotional scenes where a happy ending for Colin and Bridget seems
impossible. I haven’t read the first book in the series, but this didn’t
detract from the story.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">I was a bit concerned about
Bridget’s propensity to lie, but she does realise that it is wrong. I thought
the phrase “the lie burned on her tongue” particularly apt.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b></b></p><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgGoyX9K_SLv47U6_jA7Rr-abesKfJGmkaXk00tJ6wGAsjMCkOXDwr_T7WI83GHwOitqzQ7RAfjh2uFDPT424fQK2GsbZ8CpadDLOxWCnwHJ5cXxmW-CbynKnvk_wDRyFJwuKxAuATofaJNOBmoQ0fECj4BmFhHFUE_eRaGHuDlP-rSUWacH9k-D63w=s1080"><img alt="Quote from The Captain's Confidant by Ashtyn Newbold with front cover of book against background of rough sea and cliffs" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgGoyX9K_SLv47U6_jA7Rr-abesKfJGmkaXk00tJ6wGAsjMCkOXDwr_T7WI83GHwOitqzQ7RAfjh2uFDPT424fQK2GsbZ8CpadDLOxWCnwHJ5cXxmW-CbynKnvk_wDRyFJwuKxAuATofaJNOBmoQ0fECj4BmFhHFUE_eRaGHuDlP-rSUWacH9k-D63w=w400-h400" title="Quote from The Captain's Confidant by Ashtyn Newbold" width="400" /></a></b></div><b></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><b><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
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<![endif]--></b>Was Britain at war?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">I would have liked to know what year
the book was set in as I was curious as to whether Britain was still at war. If
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risk. </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>What was a dower house?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Bridget goes to stay in the dower
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Clean and sweet?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">Heat level low and no language
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk70776409"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/s607/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)" border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="607" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3oWmO2LewRVDWqBt-poQ313TP4RYMS17CBf745dY6NSkCLBUg7dP7VcLoC0f-tKR8IYO-yVWVcdZ0HqlsRzN94_LVWcn6r7KYmk5-OztYqiIegQRinGU40_mYa86kFvfXoCbJsiD1bw/w116-h116/Rachel+May+2021+small.jpg" title="Rachel Knowles author (2021)" width="116" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rachel Knowles</span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> writes clean/Christian Regency era romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew. </span></span></div><p></p>
<a href="https://linktr.ee/rachelknowlesauthor" target="_blank">Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.</a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk70776409;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage me and help me to keep making my research freely available, please buy me a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.</span></span></p><p>
<iframe height="712" id="kofiframe" src="https://ko-fi.com/regencyhistory/?hidefeed=true&widget=true&embed=true&preview=true" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: none; padding: 4px; width: 100%;" title="regencyhistory"></iframe> </p><p><a href="https://www.regencyhistory.net/p/rachels-regency-reviews-index.html" target="_blank"> <span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Find
more of my reviews of clean/Christian Regency era romance here. </span></a><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
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mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
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<![endif]--></p>Rachel Knowleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14058142939706153724noreply@blogger.com