 |
Ballroom, Scarborough, from Poetical Sketches of Scarborough
by F Wrangham, W Combe and J B Papworth Pub Ackermann (1813) from Metropolitan Museum of Art |
Why was dancing
so important?
In Regency
society, dancing was more than just a pleasurable activity. A young lady of
quality taking part in the round of balls and other events that comprised the London season knew she was not there simply to have fun. Her aim (and even more
so that of her parents) was to make a good match – to attract a suitable
marriage partner from amongst the eligible gentlemen. Preferably a gentleman
she liked as well as one of good standing and fortune.
Dancing
was an important part of this process. It was a chance for a young lady to
display the elegance of her person by the way she conducted herself both on and
off the dancefloor, and for her to meet and converse with potential suitors.
There were
two main types of ball – private balls and public balls.
Private
balls
Private
balls were organised by a hostess who chose the venue (usually her own house)
and the guest list. Invitations were sent out ten days to six weeks beforehand
and replies sent to the hostess. Typically a ball began at 9 or 10pm and lasted
until 5am the next morning or later and might end with a breakfast.
Frances
Bankes held a ball at Kingston Lacy in December 1791. The dancing began at 9pm;
supper was at 1am; and the dancing continued until 7am when breakfast was
served.1
Jane Austen wrote of a ball she had
attended in 1800:
There were only
twelve dances, of which I danced nine, and was merely prevented from dancing
the rest by the want of a partner. We began at ten, supped at one, and were at
Deane before five. There were but fifty people in the room.2
 |
Highest Life in London - Tom & Jerry 'sporting a toe'
among the
Corinthians at Almacks in the West by IR & G Cruikshank in Tom and Jerry: Life in London by P Egan (1869 first pub 1821) |
Public
balls
Public
balls in London were held at venues such as the Pantheon and the Argyll Rooms
and were less select as they were open to anyone who bought a ticket.
The balls
at Almack’s Assembly Rooms were technically public balls, but as they were
ruled over by patronesses who decreed who was allowed to purchase a ticket,
they were as exclusive as a private ball.
You can read more about Almack’s here.
Outside
London, public balls were held at local assembly rooms, some of which were
ruled over as tightly as Almack’s.
You can read about balls at the Upper Rooms, Bath, here.
Who could
a young lady dance with?
An
unmarried lady of quality always appeared at a ball under the protection of a
chaperon – usually an older married lady, most often her mother. It was the chaperon’s
duty to ensure that her charge’s partners were eligible gentlemen.
A lady had
to wait, of course, for a gentleman to ask her to dance. If she did not already
have an acquaintance with the gentleman, then before he could ask her to dance,
he had to request an introduction and her chaperon might prevent this if she saw
fit.
You can read more about the importance of Regency introductions here.
At a
private ball, the most suitable person to perform the introduction would be the
hostess or a mutual friend. As the gentleman is a guest of the hostess, to
decline the introduction could be seen as an insult as he has already been
approved by the person who invited him to the ball. If the introducer were in
any doubt as to whether the introduction was acceptable, they should ask the
lady or her chaperon beforehand to prevent any embarrassment.
At a
public ball, the introduction could be performed by a mutual friend or by the
Master of Ceremonies.
 |
"Not handsome enough to tempt me" by Hugh Thomson
from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (1894 edition) |
At the Meryton assembly in
Pride
and Prejudice, Mr Bingley offers to obtain Mr Darcy an introduction to
Elizabeth Bennet – an introduction that he rudely refuses.
“Come,
Darcy,” said he, “I must have you dance. I hate to see you standing about by
yourself in this stupid manner. You had much better dance.”
“I certainly
shall not. You know how I detest it, unless I am particularly acquainted with
my partner. At such an assembly as this it would be insupportable. Your sisters
are engaged, and there is not another woman in the room whom it would not be a
punishment to me to stand up with.”
“I would
not be so fastidious as you are,” cried Mr Bingley, “for a kingdom! Upon my
honour, I never met with so many pleasant girls in my life as I have this
evening; and there are several of them you see uncommonly pretty.”
“You are
dancing with the only handsome girl in the room,” said Mr Darcy, looking at the
eldest Miss Bennet.
“Oh! She
is the most beautiful creature I ever beheld! But there is one of her sisters
sitting down just behind you, who is very pretty, and I dare say very
agreeable. Do let me ask my partner to introduce you.”
“Which do
you mean?” and turning round he looked for a moment at Elizabeth, till catching
her eye, he withdrew his own and coldly said: “She is tolerable, but not
handsome enough to tempt me; I am in no humour at present to give consequence
to young ladies who are slighted by other men. You had better return to your
partner and enjoy her smiles, for you are wasting your time with me.”3
In Northanger Abbey, Mr Tilney asks
the Master of Ceremonies to introduce him to Catherine Morland:
They made
their appearance in the Lower Rooms; and here fortune was more favourable to
our heroine. The master of the ceremonies introduced to her a very
gentlemanlike young man as a partner; his name was Tilney.4
Once the
introduction was made, the gentleman could ask the lady to dance.
 |
Mr Tilney is presented to Catherine Morland
by H M Brock (1898) in Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen from The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen ed by R B Johnson (1906) |
A word of
warning
Note that
an introduction made in the ballroom was considered insufficient for a
gentleman to claim an acquaintance with the lady afterward, unless she chose to
acknowledge it first.
In The
Pocket Book of Etiquette (1837), Freeling wrote:
It is
usual, at public balls, to appoint a master of the ceremonies, and stewards to
regulate them: if you wish to dance with any lady with whom you are unacquainted,
you must apply to the master of the ceremonies for an introduction; and if
there be no manifest difference of station, he will introduce you. Recollect,
however, that your acquaintance with the lady ceases with the dance; therefore,
should you ever meet her, you must not attempt to address her, unless she
should first bow; then you will merely lift your hat, and return the salute.5
Could a
lady refuse to dance with a gentleman?
Not
easily. Once the introduction had been made, a lady could not refuse to dance
with a gentleman unless she was already engaged for that dance.
Freeling’s The Ladies’ Pocket Book
of Etiquette (1840) states:
When a
gentleman who has been properly introduced requests the honour of dancing with
you, etiquette requires that you will accede, unless prevented by a previous
engagement.6
If this
were not the case and she still refused, it was tantamount to declaring that
she was not intending to dance at all and she could not accept an invitation to
dance with anyone else.
In Pride and Prejudice,
Elizabeth Bennet is forced into promising the first two dances of the
Netherfield ball to Mr Collins, even though he was an unpleasant partner, as
she had no prior engagement. Had she refused, she would not have been able to
dance at all.
“I am by
no means of the opinion, I assure you,” said he [Mr Collins], “that a ball of
this kind, given by a young man of character, to respectable people, can have
any evil tendency; and I am so far from objecting to dancing myself, that I
shall hope to be honoured with the hands of all my fair cousins in the course
of the evening; and I take this opportunity of soliciting yours, Miss
Elizabeth, for the two first dances especially, a preference which I trust my
cousin Jane will attribute to the right cause, and not to any disrespect for
her.”
Elizabeth
felt herself completely taken in. She had fully proposed being engaged by Mr
Wickham for those very dances; and to have Mr Collins instead! her liveliness
had never been worse timed. There was no help for it, however. Mr Wickham’s happiness
and her own were perforce delayed a little longer, and Mr Collins’s proposal
accepted with as good a grace as she could.7
However,
there were clearly instances where ladies broke the rules of etiquette, either
intentionally or unintentionally, and in The Pocket Book of Etiquette
(1837), Freeling wrote:
Should a
lady decline dancing with you, and afterwards dance with another person, you
will not be offended, if you will suffer yourself to reflect on the many
reasons which may have induced the apparent rudeness. Personal preference, and
the various emotions which may agitate the female heart, will furnish abundant
cause for her decision, without her considering you either a fool or a boor,
both of which characters she would infallibly attach to you, if, by indecorous
conduct on the occasion, you thwarted her wishes; whereas, by a judicious
blindness, you will probably secure her respect and confer an obligation.8
 |
The Netherfield ball by Hugh Thomson
from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (1894 edition) |
Could a
lady dance with her brother if she had no other partner?
No. I have not been able to find this
rule written down in any of the 19th century etiquette guides I have looked at,
but it seems a reasonable conclusion to reach when you consider the following
conversation between Mr Knightley and Emma Woodhouse in Jane Austen’s Emma.
Mr Knightley, whose brother is married to Emma’s sister, asks Emma to dance:
“Whom are
you going to dance with?” asked Mr Knightley.
She
hesitated a moment, and then replied, “With you, if you will ask me.”
“Will
you?” said he, offering his hand.
“Indeed I
will. You have shown that you can dance, and you know we are not really so much
brother and sister as to make it at all improper.”
“Brother
and sister! no, indeed.”9
The
implication from Emma’s words is that to dance together as brother and sister would
be improper.
I
struggled to understand why this would be frowned upon until I was reminded
about the main purpose of dancing, as part of the courting ritual. As you would
not court your sister, it would be inappropriate to dance with her, in public,
at least.
What was
expected of an unmarried gentleman at a ball?
An
unmarried gentleman attending a private ball was declaring he was looking for a
wife and was expected to dance. Etiquette decreed that he should dance with any
lady who had no partner.
If he
danced with the same partner twice, he was considered to have shown a
particular interest in the lady and his behaviour could give rise to
expectations that he was courting her.
In Pride and Prejudice, Mrs
Bennet starts expecting that Mr Bingley will marry Jane after he dances with
her twice at the Meryton assembly. Mrs Bennet tells her husband:
Jane was
so admired, nothing could be like it. Everybody said how well she looked; and
Mr Bingley thought her quite beautiful, and danced with her twice! Only think
of that, my dear; he actually danced with her twice! and she was the only
creature in the room that he asked a second time.10
Mr Bingley
also dances with Jane at the Netherfield ball and spends time talking to her.
As the host, he was perhaps following his inclination above etiquette as he
should have been seeing to the welfare of his guests and could be judged to be
slighting other young ladies by not dancing with them. As his pointed interest
gave rise to expectations which he did not immediately fulfil, Jane Bennet gains
the reputation of being jilted.
At a
public ball, a single gentleman was not required to dance with just anyone but
should always be ready to partner any lady of his party who was not otherwise
engaged, even if it meant dancing with her more than twice.
Conversation
on the dancefloor
The
majority of dances were country dances and usually a gentleman engaged a
partner for a set of two dances and changed partners during the break between
sets. As these were danced in a long line, with a gentleman facing his partner,
the time taken to complete a dance could vary, depending on the number of
couples. On average, two dances lasted about half an hour.
During the dance, a couple were expected to make conversation.
There might be a considerable amount of time during a country dance where the
couple was not dancing and could more easily exchange comments.
In Pride and Prejudice, when Elizabeth Bennet first dances
with Mr Darcy, conversation seems to be a trial:
They
stood for some time without speaking a word; and she began to imagine that
their silence was to last through the two dances, and at first was resolved not
to break it; till suddenly fancying that it would be the greater punishment to
her partner to oblige him to talk, she made some slight observation on the
dance. He replied, and was again silent. After a pause of some minutes, she
addressed him a second time with: “It is your turn to say something now, Mr
Darcy. I talked about the dance, and you ought to make some sort of remark on
the size of the room, or the number of couples.”
He smiled, and assured her that
whatever she wished him to say should be said.
“Very well. That reply will do for
the present. Perhaps by and by I may observe that private balls are much
pleasanter than public ones. But now we may be silent.”
“Do you talk by rule, then, while
you are dancing?”
“Sometimes. One must speak a
little, you know. It would look odd to be entirely silent for half an hour
together; and yet for the advantage of some, conversation ought to be
so arranged, as that they may have the trouble of saying as little as
possible.”11
To be able
to converse easily whilst dancing was a skill that both sexes needed to master.
In Routledge's Manual of Etiquette
(c1860) he wrote:
Young
gentlemen are earnestly advised not to limit their conversation to remarks on
the weather and the heat of the room. It is, to a certain extent, incumbent on
them to do something more than dance when they invite a lady to join a
quadrille. If it be only upon the news of the day, a gentleman should be able
to offer at least three or four observations to his partner in the course of a
long half-hour.12
 |
Mr Crawford leads Fanny to the top of the dance
from Mansfield Park by Jane Austen (1898 edition) |
Off the
dancefloor
A gentleman’s duty to his partner did
not end when the dance finished. According to Routledge:
At the
conclusion of a dance, the gentleman bows to his partner, and either promenades
with her round the room, or takes her to a seat. Where a room is set apart for
refreshments, he offers to conduct her thither. At a public ball no gentleman
would, of course, permit a lady to pay for refreshments.13
There was a correct way to lead your
partner to and from the dancefloor. In The Dancers’ Guide (1821),
Chivers wrote:
In
conducting a lady either to or from the dance, the gentleman should take the
ladies (sic) left hand within his right (ie the lady should be on the right
side of a gentleman).14
Freeling urged ladies to rely on their
partners. He wrote in The Ladies’ Pocket Book of Etiquette (1840):
If in the
intervals of dancing you wish to go from one part of the room to another, you
will request your partner to conduct you; on no account be seen parading the
room by yourself.15
Could married
couples dance?
Married
people could dance but tended to dance less as they grew older; the dances were
quite energetic and demanded a reasonable level of physical fitness.
Mrs William Parkes, in her Domestic
Duties or instructions to young married ladies (1825), wrote of a private
ball:
When the
lady of the house is a dancer, she generally commences the dance; but when this
is not the case, her husband should lead out the greatest stranger, or person
of highest rank present.16
When the Westons
hosted a ball in Emma, Mrs Weston did not choose to dance, so Mr Weston
formed the top couple with the recently married Mrs Elton, who was the newest
resident of Highbury. As the hostess, Mrs Weston spent the ball ensuring her
guests were looked after and all the ladies had partners.
A married
gentleman could dance but did not have to. However, if he were dancing, he was
subject to the same expectations as an unmarried gentleman at a private ball.
Etiquette required that he dance with any lady who did not have a partner.
Alternatively, he could stand with the chaperons and other non-dancers or
withdraw to the cardroom.
In Emma, Mr Elton demonstrated
poor etiquette by refusing to dance with Miss Smith having already danced with
other ladies. He had to fall back on his excuse of being married and would then
be obliged not to dance with anyone else.
The two
last dances before supper were begun, and Harriet had no partner;—the only
young lady sitting down;—and so equal had been hitherto the number of dancers,
that how there could be any one disengaged was the wonder!—But Emma's wonder
lessened soon afterwards, on seeing Mr Elton sauntering about. He would not ask
Harriet to dance if it were possible to be avoided: she was sure he would
not—and she was expecting him every moment to escape into the card-room.17
Mr
Knightley shows he is by far the better-mannered gentleman by abandoning his
personal preference not to dance and inviting Harriet to stand up with him when
Mr Elton refuses to ask her. Though he has just expressed a willingness to
dance with Mrs Weston or Mrs Gilbert, Mr Elton excuses himself as “an old
married man”. Mr Elton is then forced to spend the rest of the evening in the
cardroom.
Could
married couples dance with each other?
To dance
with your spouse was frowned upon. On the rare occasions I dance, I always
prefer to partner my husband, so this did not make sense to me.
However, in
The Laws of Etiquette (Philadelphia, 1836) it states:
If you
accompany your wife to a dance, be careful not to dance with her.18
As it is listed in miscellaneous rules
of etiquette along with an adjuration not to repeat the same anecdotes, I was
not inclined to take it seriously. However, Routledge’s Manual of Etiquette
says something similar:
It is not
customary for married persons to dance together in society.19
This
suggests that it was not scandalous, merely unfashionable and perhaps not good
form. This makes sense when we remember that dancing was part of the courting
ritual and as such was largely between unmarried ladies and gentlemen. By
dancing with his wife (who did not need to attract a husband), a married man
was not giving an unmarried lady the chance to exhibit her elegance in the
dance.
As a result of this research, I decided to rewrite part of a scene in A Reason for Romance where I had originally had Mr and Mrs Merry dancing with each other.
Other
points of etiquette
At public
balls and some private balls, people were given numbers on arrival which
indicated their place in the set. The top couple called the dance – that is the
tune and the figures to be danced.
If people
did not know the steps, they could walk through the dance with elegance.
The same
dance could not be called twice in the same evening.
If a
couple failed to take their places at the start, they had to go to the bottom
of the dance.
It was bad
etiquette to leave the dance before it ended.
Always
wear white , or light-coloured gloves at a ball.20
Never be
seen without gloves in a ball-room.21
Notes
1. You can read more about Frances Bankes’s ball at Kingston Lacy here.
2. Austen, Jane, The Letters of Jane Austen
selected from the compilation of her great nephew, Edward, Lord Bradbourne
ed Sarah Woolsey (1892).
3. Austen, Jane, Pride and Prejudice
(1813, London).
4. Austen, Jane, Northanger Abbey (1817,
London).
5. Freeling, Arthur, The Pocket Book of
Etiquette (Liverpool, 1837).
6. Freeling, Arthur, The Ladies' Pocket Book
of Etiquette (7th edition) (London, 1840).
7. Austen,
Jane, Pride and Prejudice (1813, London).
8. Freeling, Arthur, The Pocket Book of
Etiquette (Liverpool, 1837).
9. Austen, Jane, Emma (1815, London).
10.
Austen, Jane, Pride and Prejudice
(1813, London).
11.
Ibid.
12.
Routledge, George, Routledge's Manual of
Etiquette (London, c1860).
13.
Ibid.
14.
Chivers, G M S, The Dancers' Guide to
which is added the etiquette of a ballroom (1821).
15.
Freeling, Arthur, The Ladies' Pocket Book
of Etiquette (7th edition) (London, 1840).
16. Parkes, Mrs William, Domestic Duties or
Instructions to young married ladies on the management of their households
(London, 1825).
17.
Austen, Jane, Emma (1815, London).
18.
A Gentleman, The Laws of Etiquette;
or, Short Rules and Reflections for Conduct in Society (Philadelphia, 1836).
19.
Routledge op cit.
20.
Freeling, Arthur, The Pocket Book of
Etiquette (Liverpool, 1837).
21.
Routledge op cit.
Sources used include:
A Gentleman, The Laws of Etiquette;
or, Short Rules and Reflections for Conduct in Society (Philadelphia, 1836)
Austen, Jane, Emma (1815,
London)
Austen, Jane, Northanger Abbey
(1817, London)
Austen, Jane, Pride and Prejudice
(1813, London)
Austen, Jane, The Letters of Jane
Austen selected from the compilation of her great nephew, Edward, Lord
Bradbourne ed Sarah Woolsey (1892)
Chivers, G M S, The Dancers' Guide
to which is added the etiquette of a ballroom (1821)
Freeling, Arthur, The Ladies'
Pocket Book of Etiquette (7th edition) (London, 1840)
Freeling, Arthur, The Pocket Book
of Etiquette (Liverpool, 1837)
Parkes,
Mrs William, Domestic Duties or Instructions to young married ladies on the
management of their households (London, 1825)
Routledge,
George, Routledge's Manual of Etiquette (London, c1860)
Routledge, George, The Etiquette of
Courtship and Matrimony: with a complete guide to the forms of a wedding
(London, 1852)
Trusler, Rev Dr John, A System of
Etiquette (1804)
