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Friday, 22 September 2023

Jane Austen Festival in Bath - Grand Regency Costumed Promenade 2023

Jane Austen Regency Parade 2023 Bath
 

Bonnets, bayonets and brilliant sunshine

9 September 2023—officially the hottest day of the year in England. It’s early and the sun’s already hot. But the dew is heavy on the grass outside the Holburne Museum in Bath, because it’s September and summer is fading into autumn.

The annual Grand Regency Costumed Promenade—the formal opener to the annual Jane Austen Festival in Bath—is about to get underway.

Passersby stop to gaze and snap the scene. Have they unexpectedly slipped backwards two hundred years to the age of elegance personified by characters from Jane Austen?

Dozens of women in Empire line dresses. Men in high boots and smart jackets. The flash of red from military uniforms. And hats. Lots and lots of hats.

Jane Austen Regency Parade 2023 Bath

 

Nearly 20 years of Regency promenades

Amazingly, it took Bath over 180 years to truly appreciate one of its biggest assets. The Jane Austen Festival began in 2001, some 184 years after the author’s death, with the first Regency costumed promenade in 2004.

The annual Grand Regency Costumed Promenade now attracts hundreds of people, who dress in Regency costume to parade through the streets their heroine once trod. The event holds the Guiness World Record for the ‘Largest gathering of people dressed in Regency costumes’—secured in 2014.

That was the first year we attended. We’ve since been back three times, in 2015, 2016 and, after a break, in 2023.

Every year we’ve made a short film of the promenade. You can see them all on our YouTube channel.

Jane Austen Regency Parade 2023 Bath

 

People come from all over the world

The Grand Regency Costumed Promenade draws a crowd. Not just the surprised tourists and bemused shoppers encountered along the way, but also the participants attracted from around the world.

Yes, you can dress up in Regency costume anywhere, and there are many Jane Austen societies around the globe. But to walk the glowing streets of Bath, looked down upon by the same buildings that once watched Jane—that’s magic you can’t find anywhere else.

However, the promenade is less about words and more about the spectacle. So here are some glimpses into the crowds that strolled the streets with us this year.

Jane Austen Parade 2023

Jane Austen Parade 2023

Jane Austen Parade 2023

Jane Austen Parade 2023

Jane Austen Parade 2023

Jane Austen Parade 2023

Jane Austen Parade 2023

Jane Austen Parade 2023

Jane Austen Parade 2023

Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)
Rachel Knowles writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who now co-authors this blog.

Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.

If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage us and help us to keep making our research freely available, please buy us a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.

 

All photographs © Andrew Knowles - RegencyHistory.net

Saturday, 12 August 2023

Victorian Entrepreneur William Schaw Lindsay by Bill Lindsay - book review

Front cover of William Schaw Lindsay by Bill Lindsay on wooden plate with sea glass and broken pottery

This book sits on the very edge of the time period I usually write about, which is late Georgian through the Regency. William Schaw Lindsay was born in the middle of the Regency, but almost his entire adult life was during the reign of Queen Victoria.

However, its appeal to me was the business angle. Early Victorian commercial life was not that different to that of the Regency period. Neither was life aboard a merchant ship, which William Schaw Lindsay experienced and described, during the 1830s.

Victorian entrepreneur

In 1833 William Schaw Lindsay was an unemployed 17-year-old living rough in Liverpool docks. An orphan, far from his Scottish home, he applied to ship after ship for work. Time after time he was refused, sometimes violently.

In 1877, some 44 years later, William Schaw Lindsay was an invalid sitting beside the River Thames near London. Aged 61, he’d been unwell for over ten years. But in the three decades between being alone in Liverpool and suffering a stroke, he transformed his life, and that of many others.

He rose from having nothing to becoming one of the world’s wealthiest ship owners, a Member of Parliament, and an influencer in maritime laws. He also wrote extensively, publishing his ‘magnum opus’ in the 1870s - the four volume History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce. 

A lively biography told as if by Lindsay

The author, Bill Lindsay, is descended from the ship-owning entrepreneur featured in the book.

The introduction states:

Lindsay’s journal provides fascinating first-hand insights into merchant shipping in Victorian days, mismanagement of the Crimean War, and European involvement in the American Civil War.

The author has chosen to adopt what I consider to be an unusual approach. William Schaw Lindsay’s birth is written in the third person, but the story quickly flips to being told in the first person.

We’re told that all the information in the book is drawn from William Schaw Lindsay’s journals and other writings. However, there seem to be no direct quotes from those writings. The author has chosen to tell the story in the first person, based on these sources, but rewriting them for a modern audience.

This is understandable, given the Victorian prose style would not suit a 21st century audience. However, it means we rarely hear directly from William Schaw Lindsay himself. For me, as a lover of primary sources, this was frustrating.

That said, the tale is a lively one, particularly the opening sections that cover William Schaw Lindsay’s sailing days. He rose from ship’s boy to captain in just a few years, experiencing first-hand the rigours of sailing on a merchant ship in the 1830s.

Fascinating Stories from Victorian England

There are some wonderful stories inside the book. They’re enjoyable to read and could be useful to those researching life at that time. These include:

The drama of a parliamentary election in the 1850s. These were highly disruptive to the community. Crowds got drunk, windows and furniture were smashed, and coaches were overturned. The buying of votes was open, and the winning margins were slim.

Bride ships and coffin ships. The former were vessels employed to take batches of women to Canada, where there was a shortage of marriageable women. Coffin ships were sent to sea in an unseaworthy condition by owners hoping they’d sink, leading to an insurance payout.

Trials of the Crimean War. A number of William Schaw Lindsay’s ships supplied the British forces in the Crimea. He also adopted a dog that remained faithfully beside its dead Russian master, until it was removed by a British soldier. The war lowered his opinion of British military logistics - in just one of many errors it shipped 500 tables to the army but left all the legs in England.

The American Civil War. William Schaw Lindsay met Abraham Lincoln and many other American leaders in the years before the war. His shipping business meant he had a close interest in transatlantic trade, and as a Member of Parliament he had involvement with British government officials. He supported the southern cause.

A Classic Rags-to-Riches Story From Victorian England

It’s interesting to see, almost at first hand, how a penniless orphan became one of Britain’s leading shipping magnates. Of course, we’re hearing his version of the story, but there’s no boasting about achievements and no sense of thrusting ambition.

William Schaw Lindsay was one of those influential and well-connected Victorians who stood in the shadows of others. He met Queen Victoria, Abraham Lincoln, Isambard Kingdom Brunel. He was in Parliament with two of Britain’s most famous Prime Ministers - Disraeli and Gladstone. Through his journals he told his own story, and now we can read it.

The book contains several appendices, including a list of ships he owned, voyages of the Tynemouth during the Crimean war with details of cargo, and a list of his considerable property on his death.

William Schaw Lindsay is published by Amberley and is available here.

Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)
Rachel Knowles writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who wrote this review.

Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.

If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage us and help us to keep making our research freely available, please buy us a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.

Wednesday, 2 August 2023

Athelhampton House in Dorset revisited - a new Regency History guide

Athelhampton House - front entrance 2015
Athelhampton House
Athelhampton House, in Dorset, was a 326-year-old pigsty at the start of the Regency period. The ground floor of the Tudor Great Hall, built in 1485, and the connected West Wing, had become home to pigs and poultry. And they had been that way for decades.

Today Athelhampton is one of England’s finest Tudor mansions. It was pretty impressive when it was built, but a visitor in the Regency period would have seen it as a tired, rundown relic of a farmhouse. Little more than an ornate barn.

Not that many people would have visited Athelhampton. Despite King George III regularly passing nearby on his way to and from Weymouth, the house wasn’t on the itinerary of anyone of any consequence. It was lived in by tenant farmers—hence the livestock roaming the halls.

Athelhampton House - back of house and dovecote 2023
Rear view of Athelhampton House and the dovecote (2023)

A house protected by the pigs

In July 2023 Andrew and I were invited to tour Athelhampton, which has been under new ownership since 2019. The house, which was already ancient by the time of the Regency, offers an alternative narrative to what we associate with the grand halls of the period.

Athelhampton stands out as a historic mansion, because it’s not built in the classical style we associate with the Georgians. It lacks the symmetry and bold pillars of so many grand houses. The Tudor styling and unbalanced frontage would have looked quaintly old-fashioned to the Regency eye.

That the house survived for so long (the Great Hall is now over 530 years old) is probably because Nicholas Martyn died with no male heir in 1595. He was the grandson of the house builder, Sir William Martyn, who put it up in 1485.

Nicholas Martyn had four daughters, each of whom inherited a quarter of the property. Because no one person owned the house, no one was able to make major changes to it. By 1700, ownership had been consolidated to a three-quarter and a one-quarter share, split between two families, each of which owned other estates. Neither family lived at Athelhampton, preferring to rent the property to farmers.

This relegation in status protected the architecture we admire today. Had a wealthy Georgian had sole control over Athelhampton, it’s likely he would have wanted to make a statement by tearing it down, and rebuilding it in a more fashionable style. Hence, it’s the pigs that protected the house.

Ironically, it was also a farmer who helped the house survive into the 21st century. Tenant farmer George Wood bought the largest share of the Athelhampton inheritance in 1848. In 1861 he acquired the other share to become the first sole owner in over 250 years.

In 1891 the Woods sold the house to Alfred Cart de Lafontaine. He began the process of restoring the house to its former glory, and laid out the elegant gardens. This work, and that of subsequent owners, protected the house from the rampant demolition that destroyed so many historic buildings in the 20th century.

Ornate gate leading to garden at Athelhampton (2023)
One of the gardens at Athelhampton (2023)

Regency Athelhampton

During the Regency (1811–1820) Athelhampton was owned by Catherine Tylney-Long (1789–1825), an heiress believed to be the richest commoner in England. She inherited a huge portfolio of properties as a teenager in 1805, giving her the nickname of “The Wiltshire Heiress”.

As already mentioned, at the time the house was leased to farmers, and it stayed that way during her ownership. She probably never visited the house.

Catherine Tylney-Long by an unknown artist
Catherine Tylney-Long by an unknown artist

A close brush with royalty

Despite being incredibly wealthy, Catherine Tylney-Long’s story is tragic.

She also came close to being queen. She was courted by William, Duke of Clarence, third son of King George III, who was nearly 25 years her senior. The press mocked him for pursuing her.

The Duke of Clarence became William IV in 1830. Had Catherine married him, she would have become queen, if—and this is an extremely big if—George III had given his permission for the marriage. With that permission, the marriage would have been legal, and the eldest of their children would have become monarch after William, not his niece Victoria.

The Disconsolate Sailor (1811) - a cartoon by Argus (Charles Williams)
The Disconsolate Sailor (1811) by Argus (Charles Williams)

But Catherine turned down the Duke of Clarence and accepted a proposal from William Wellesley-Pole, a man with a wild reputation. They married in March 1812. William continued his outrageous lifestyle of womanising and gambling, spending much of her wealth.

She died in 1825, aged just 35. The newspapers reported:

To her, riches have been worse than poverty; and her life seems to have been sacrificed, and her heart ultimately broken, through the very means which should have cherished and maintained her in the happiness and splendour which her fortune and disposition were alike qualified to produce.1

Catherine was also connected with another major figure of the Regency era, the Duke of Wellington. Her husband was the great man’s nephew. It was Catherine’s son who sold Athelhampton to the tenant farmer, George Wood, in 1848, to pay off some of his father’s debts.

What you can see at Athelhampton today

Rachel Knowles by staircase in Athelhampton House (2023)
Rachel at Athelhampton House (2023)

Our comprehensive tour of Athelhampton House took several hours, as the extremely knowledgeable manager of the site—Owen Davies—showed us around. A new owner bought the house in 2019 and implemented a series of renovations. He opened up new areas of the house, and visitors are now allowed to enter rooms which previously you could only see from the doorway.

The previous owner auctioned off the house contents separately, and so apart from a few items, such as the portrait of Princess Sophia, which the new owner was able to secure, most of what you see today has come into the house since then. However, much of it is authentic period furniture, and the rooms have been set out to represent different periods in Athelhampton’s history.

Portrait of Princess Sophia by Robinson after Sir William Beechey (1820)
Portrait of Princess Sophia
by Robinson after Sir William Beechey (1820)

There is also more emphasis on one of Athelhampton’s most famous visitors—author Thomas Hardy.

These are some of the highlights:

Tudor doors

Tudor door at Athelhampton House (2023)
Tudor door, Athelhampton House (2023)

The Tudor Great Hall, with its impressive, beamed ceiling and Oriel window.

Tudor Great Hall, Athelhampton House (2023)
Tudor Great Hall, Athelhampton House (2023)
 
Ceiling of the Tudor Great Hall at Athelhampton House (2023)
Ceiling of the Tudor Great Hall, Athelhampton House (2023)

Oriel Window in Tudor Great Hall at Athelhampton House (2023)
Oriel Window in Tudor Great Hall, Athelhampton House (2023)

The Green Parlour, where author Thomas Hardy was dining in 1914 when a telegram arrived announcing the beginning of World War I.  

Green Parlour, Athelhampton House (2023)
Green Parlour, Athelhampton House (2023)

 The recently restored Elizabethan Kitchen.

Elizabethan Kitchen, Athelhampton House (2023)
Elizabethan Kitchen, Athelhampton House (2023)

The Marriage Chamber, with its original fireplace, showing the motifs of Sir William Martyn and his first wife, Isabel Farringdon—the ape and the unicorn—and an Elizabethan tester bed.

Marriage Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)
Marriage Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)

Marriage Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)
Marriage Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)

The Armada Chest in the King’s Room—a late 16th century portable safe.

Armada Chest in the King's Room, Athelhampton House (2023)
Armada Chest in the King's Room, Athelhampton House (2023)

The Library—originally Elizabethan bedrooms, there is a hidden door in the wood panelling leading to the staircase that comes out in the Great Chamber. The room is dominated by a billiard table dating from 1915.

Billiard table in The Library, Athelhampton House (2023)
The Library, Athelhampton House (2023)

Secret door in the Library, Athelhampton House (2023)
Secret door in the Library, Athelhampton House (2023)

The Great Chamber—used to store grain in the 1850s, the room is lined with Elizabethan oak panels, with Italian carving over the fireplace. And it hides a secret—a door leading to a priest hole and a staircase up to the Library, which was originally a bedroom.

The magnificent plaster ceiling is an early 20th century replica of the pattern used in the Globe Room in the Reindeer Inn, Banbury, Oxfordshire, thought to be where Oliver Cromwell held meetings during the English Civil War.

Italian carved panels, Secret door in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)
Italian carved panels in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)

Secret door in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)
Secret door in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)

The Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)
The Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)

Ornate plaster ceiling in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)
Ornate plaster ceiling in the Great Chamber, Athelhampton House (2023)

Gardens

Gateway to one of the gardens at Athelhampton (2023)
Gateway to one of the gardens at Athelhampton (2023)

One of the gardens at Athelhampton (2023)
One of the gardens at Athelhampton (2023)

Find out about visiting Athelhampton here.

You can see what the house was like under the previous ownership on my original blog here.

Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)
Rachel Knowles writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew.

Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.

If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage us and help us to keep making our research freely available, please buy us a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.

 

Note   

  1. Englishman, 18 September 1825.
Photos © Andrew Knowles - RegencyHistory.net

Thursday, 20 July 2023

Book review: The Yorkshire Coiners - the true story of the Cragg Vale Gang by Steve Hartley

Front cover of The Yorkshire Coiners by Steve Hartley on wooden plate with collection of Georgian coins

On 9 November 1769, William Dighton was shot and killed in Halifax, Yorkshire. It was a planned assassination of a Supervisor of Excise—an official responsible for ensuring the collection of tax.

Dighton was the victim of the Cragg Vale Gang—criminals who operated what was perhaps England’s largest clipping and coining operation. That is, they created counterfeit coins from gold shaved off genuine coins.

Steve Hartley, author of The Yorkshire Coiners is a descendant of David Hartley, or ‘King David’, leader of the Cragg Vale Gang. He’s spent years researching the gang’s activities from various documents and, in his words, this book:

brings together the facts from these and other sources and places them in chronological order, so that the events relating to the Coiners can be seen in the order they occurred.

It’s important to note these words because this book is very much a reference work. It’s not an easy-to-read account of the Cragg Vale Gang story.

What’s in the book

It’s a relatively short (125 pages) book organised into 25 brief chapters. Each chapter has a narrative that presents facts from original sources, including local newspapers, letters and court records.

There are a number of photographs, such as buildings once lived in by characters featured in the history, along with portraits and documents.

The author has strung the sources together into a narrative that’s strictly chronological. I found there was not much in the way of additional insight or observation, except in the final chapter, where there’s an attempt to tie up some loose ends.

Most of the sources are summarised, with occasional direct quotes.

Almost all the material in the book relates to the activities of the clippers and coiners, what they got up to, and how they were treated by the law enforcement bodies.

What’s not in the book

Other than a few brief descriptions, the book does not go into detail about clipping and coining, nor about the regional or national context in which the Cragg Vale Gang operated.

There’s no real discussion of the background culture, or explanation of how the gang may have functioned.

This is unsurprising, given the book’s focus on describing the contents of primary sources. However, I would have liked to have read more about the society the gang was operating in, and their methods.

How did coins find their way into the hands of the gang, what did they do with them and how were the clipped coins, and counterfeits, fed back into circulation? There are some clues in the book, but these issues aren’t examined.

Nor did I find any real discussion of the attitudes of society towards the criminals. Were their crimes considered to be largely victimless and therefore tolerated by many? Were they respected or feared by their community?

The book did not set out to address these issues, so I should not have been disappointed.

However, I feel the book did not fully live up to its subtitle, The true story of the Cragg Vale Gang. Yes, it focused on the truth (at least as reported in newspapers and other documents), but it was not organised in a way to tell a story.

There are, in fact, several stories: the origins of the gang, Dighton’s murder and the subsequent manhunts, the trials and executions, and the official response, which went as high as King George III himself.

A story still waiting to be told

Lack of documentary evidence always limits the historian’s scope for telling a story, without resorting to embellishing it with fiction. In this book, Steve Hartley has chosen to stick to the facts as he found them, sharing them in chronological order.

This book is a useful resource to anyone researching clipping and coining in the Georgian era, particularly the Yorkshire gang it describes.

But in my opinion, an easy-to-read account of the Cragg Vale Gang is still waiting to be written.

The Yorkshire Coiners is published by Amberley Books and is available here.

Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)

Rachel Knowles writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who wrote this review.

Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.

If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage us and help us to keep making our research freely available, please buy us a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.

Thursday, 20 April 2023

How Captain Wentworth got rich on prizemoney

A Captain in the Navy from A book explaining the ranks and dignities of British Society by C Lamb (1809)
A Captain in the Navy from
A book explaining the ranks and dignities
of British Society
by C Lamb (1809)
You knew your place in Regency society. Whether you were born into a hovel or a grand house, you were likely to end your life in a similar situation. Changing your rank in a society governed by rigid rules of precedence was highly unusual. When it happened, it was normally through unconventional means.

Unless you were an officer in the Royal Navy. Through Captain Wentworth, Jane Austen’s fictional hero in her novel Persuasion, we glimpse a long-established and accepted practice that allowed young men to usurp the usual rules of birth and rank.

That practice was the Royal Navy tradition of prizemoney. It allowed men to acquire huge sums of money relatively quickly, and entirely legitimately. With that money came prestige and power.

Breaking through the ranks of Regency society

Sir Walter Elliot, father of Austen’s heroine in Persuasion, and a committed believer in the principle of rank being fixed by birth, had two complaints about the Navy:

First, as being the means of bringing persons of obscure birth into undue distinction, and raising men to honours which their fathers and grandfathers never dreamt of; and secondly, as it cuts up a man’s youth and vigour most horribly.1

His second complaint had some merit. Life at sea was dirty, dangerous and often disfiguring, as demonstrated by Lord Horatio Nelson, who lost an arm and an eye in battle. But many men risked the perils of life at sea, because it might bring them those honours which their fathers and grandfathers never dreamt of. These honours included cash prizes.

The many wars against France meant Jane Austen’s lifetime was a particularly rich period for Royal Navy prize captures.

Old Sir Archibald Drew and his grandson  by H Thomson (1897) From Persuasion by Jane Austen (1897 edition)
Old Sir Archibald Drew and his grandson 
by H Thomson (1897)
From Persuasion by Jane Austen (1897 edition)

A naval career for ‘persons of obscure birth’

Unlike the army, a naval officer could not purchase a commission. They had to start at the bottom of the officer hierarchy, and they had to start young.

Jane Austen doesn’t tell us when Wentworth joined the Navy, but we should assume he was in his early teens, perhaps younger. Two of Jane’s brothers joined the Navy, Francis and Charles, beginning their careers aged about 12. Horatio Nelson also joined at 12. Most officers joined no later than age 13.

The Austens, Nelson and many others were born into large middle-class families of no particular distinction, and no great income. They were ‘persons of obscure birth’ who needed to become self-sufficient as soon as possible.

The Navy attracted many such men, or rather, boys. Through connections, of family or friendship, they were taken on board ship as a captain’s servant or midshipman. This secured their spot on the lowest rungs of the Navy career ladder. It also entitled them to a share of prizemoney.

We can assume Wentworth’s family background was not dissimilar to that of Jane and her siblings. Frederick Wentworth has a brother who is a curate—again the lowest rung on a career ladder. The implication is that their family is middle-class—perhaps their father was a churchman like Jane Austen’s.

No prizes for a captain without a ship

HMS St Vincent 1815 Portsmouth Harbour by Charles Edward Dixon (1872-1934)
HMS St Vincent 1815 Portsmouth Harbour
by Charles Edward Dixon (1872-1934)
According to Jane Austen, in 1806 the newly-appointed Captain Wentworth is in Somersetshire, without a ship. Here he falls in love with and proposes to Anne Elliot.

Her father considers the match “degrading”. Her friend, Lady Russell, thinks it “most unfortunate”.

Part of the reason, Jane tells us, is that:

Captain Wentworth had no fortune. He had been lucky in his profession; but spending freely, what had come freely, had realised nothing.

Wentworth is 23 years old and has been in the Navy for around a decade. To become a captain he’s risen from being a cabin boy or midshipman, through to lieutenant and then to captain.

Through all those ranks he was entitled to receive prizemoney. He’s been lucky, implying he’s enjoyed success in naval actions, in making good connections and with earning money.

He’s also been spending freely. As a result, in 1806 the captain has no ship, no fortune and therefore, no Anne Elliot.

How the prizemoney system worked

For hundreds of years it had been customary for sailors to be given a share of the value of a captured ship. The ship and its cargo were sold, and the cash shared out.

The prizemoney was split across all the ships at the scene of the action.

This process was enshrined in English law through various acts of Parliament. When Wentworth joined the Navy in around 1796, the rules of the prize allocation had been in place for almost one hundred years.

Allocation was based on dividing the total value of a prize by eight. Two eighths were shared between all the seamen, that is, the lowest ranks on a ship. However, as there were perhaps two or three hundred men, the amount each man received was small.

As a midshipman and then a lieutenant, Wentworth would have done better. Both these ranks had a share of one eighth of the prize value. There being less officers at these ranks, his individual share would have been greater.

Let’s turn that into numbers. The average value of a prize was around £2,300. One eighth of this is £288.

Captains made the most money from the prize system. A captain was entitled to at least two eighths of a prize, perhaps more depending on the circumstances.

So while the £288 was shared between all the lieutenants and others of equal rank, the captain’s share was at least double that—£576. Remember that if more than one ship was at the scene, this would be shared between all the captains.

It could take months, even many years, before prizemoney was finally agreed. Then it was paid in the form of a promissory note. Lower ranks often sold this at a discount, in order to get cash.

Jane Austen implies that Captain Wentworth did well in his first decade in the Navy, including financially. Unfortunately, he spent as much as he earned. As such, his rank in the Navy meant little to the likes of Sir Walter Elliot.

At this stage in his career, Captain Wentworth:

…had nothing but himself to recommend him, and no hopes of attaining affluence, but in the chances of a most uncertain profession, and no connexions to secure even his farther rise in the profession.

Becoming the gallant Captain Wentworth

Sloop USS Peacock capturing British brig Nautilus June 1815
Sloop USS Peacock capturing British brig Nautilus June 1815 
By the time Captain Wentworth returns to England in 1814, he has amassed a fortune of £25,000—more than enough to impress Sir Walter Elliot.

How did he improve his financial situation so dramatically? Through prizemoney.

On leaving Somersetshire in 1806 he got command of the Asp, a sloop based in the West Indies. A sloop is a small ship, often with a crew of less than 50. Despite its size, Wentworth was able to take “privateers enough to be very entertaining”, meaning he captured a number of enemy ships. Each capture brought him prizemoney.

His next command was the Laconia:

“How fast I made money in her. A friend of mine and I had such a lovely cruise together off the Western Islands.”

A year later saw Wentworth cruising in the Mediterranean “when I still had the same luck”.

It took Captain Wentworth just seven years to convert his fortunes. Penniless in late 1806, he returned to Somersetshire in 1814 a very wealthy, and eligible, man. Most, if not all, of that money came from naval prizes.

The majority of naval captains could expect to earn a little over £300 a year. On average, they could expect to earn several times that amount in addition through prizemoney, every year. Jane Austen implies that Wentworth’s earnings were above what many of his contemporaries enjoyed—after all, he enjoyed a fair amount of luck.

And, of course, he won the greatest prize of them all—Anne Elliot.

Captain Wentworth leaves a letter for Anne by H Thomson (1897) From Persuasion by Jane Austen (1897 edition)
Captain Wentworth leaves a letter for Anne
by H Thomson (1897)
From Persuasion by Jane Austen (1897 edition)

Headshot of Rachel Knowles author with sea in background(2021)
Rachel Knowles writes faith-based Regency romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew, who wrote this blog.

Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.

If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage us and help us to keep making our research freely available, please buy us a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.

Note

1. All quotes from Austen, Jane, Persuasion (1817).

Sources used include:

Austen, Jane, Persuasion (1817)
Benjamin, Daniel K, Golden Harvest: The British Naval Prize System 1793-1815 (2009)
Lavery, Brian, Nelson's Navy (1989)